- 思行合一:一名小学英语教师课堂教学的思与行
- 张柳珍
- 3725字
- 2024-11-01 16:53:44
话语分析对英语课堂教学的启示
话语(Discourse)就是说的话或写的文字。话语分析(Discourse Analysis)离不开话语所处的语境。语言在真实语境中使用的形式和频率可以为教师选择教学内容和组织课堂教学提供科学的依据。教师可以通过观察课堂中师生的话语行为,关注并反思哪些话语内容或组织形式更有利于教学。
一、话语分析为教师选择课堂教学内容提供科学的依据
为了让学生能学到正确、有用、地道的语言,教师可以通过分析大量真实的语料,观察英语本族语者如何使用语言进行交际,把英语本族语者最常用或最倾向于使用的语言表达渗透到课堂教学中。
比如,英语本族语者邀请对方时的话语相对比较委婉、含蓄:I was wondering, uh, we're having a party…在表达拒绝时也很委婉:Yes, but…而非英语本族语者会相对直接地表达:I would like to invite you to a party. 或者:I want you to come to a party;英语本族语者在交谈过程中需要插话时往往使用以下句子:Can I interrupt for a moment? / Hang on a minute? I've got something to tell you./ Sorry to butt in, but…他们在交谈过程中还频繁使用 “mm, ah-ah, yeah, no, right, sure”等表明自己正在倾听的小品词(McCarthy. M, 1991)。
以上语言现象对教师选取教学内容或者设计角色扮演等口语交际活动很有启发。笔者在英语课堂中发现,许多学生在角色扮演中往往只关注自己演绎的角色,很少关注对方的话语,因此话语中极少出现表明自己正在倾听的小品词。针对此种情况,笔者在要求学生准备口语交际或角色扮演时,不仅要熟悉语言材料,还要考虑角色扮演过程中的非语言因素,如目光、表情、语音语调,以及小品词在交际过程中的使用频率等。
此外,对于一些有争议或不确定的教学内容,笔者通常使用Google 搜索引擎搜索相关网页,检索目标词汇在真实语境中的使用情况以及与其他语言项目的搭配模式(张柳珍,2008),以便补充或调整相关教学内容。
二、课堂话语分析有助于教师反思课堂教学方法,提高课堂教学实效
课堂话语(Classroom Discourse)包括教师和学生在课堂教学中产生的话语和文字。高质量的教师话语,尤其是教师的提问技巧,是提高课堂教学实效的重要途径。教师话语应该具有以下特征(程晓堂,2009):
1.真实性与自然性
真实、自然的教师话语有利于促进师生互动,达到语言学习的目的。然而在实际课堂教学中,许多教师的话语缺乏真实性。比如,学生学习了有关时间的表达后,不少教师通常采用以下操练形式:
T: (Showing a clock) What time is it?
Ss: It's five thirty.
T: What time is it?
Ss: It's six o'clock.
T: What time is it?
Ss: It's seven fifteen.
…
以上操练形式虽然有利于学生学习、掌握语言知识,但这种脱离语境的操练很难让学生理解语言的真正意义,学生可能不明白在什么语言情景下使用该语言表达。因此,教师有必要在课堂上创设较为真实的情景,让学生操练运用所学语言。有研究表明,教师结合教学内容多向学生提一些真实的、有一定交际特征并能启发他们的想象思维的问题,对于调动学生的参与积极性、锻炼他们的语言表达能力以及增强他们的自信心等方面都有很大的帮助(王龙吟,2004)。
例如,当学生学习了一般过去时后,为了帮助学生巩固和操练一般过去时的用法,笔者与学生进行了如下对话:
T: What did you do at the weekend?
S1: I went to Guangzhou.
T: Where did you go in Guangzhou?
S1:I went to the zoo.
T: How nice. How did you go there?
S1: I went there by car.
T: Who drove you there?
S1: My father.
T: What animals did you see?
此时,教师还可以引导其他同学猜一猜:Did you see the pandas? Did you see the… Did you have a good time? 最后,让其他学生对该学生的周末活动进行篇章介绍:John went to the zoo in Guangzhou last weekend. He went there by car. An the zoo, he saw the pandas…. John had a good time in the zoo.
2.逻辑性和连贯性
教师的支架作用主要体现在能否恰当地使用话语组织课堂教学活动,帮助学生达成既定的学习目标。为此,教师话语应紧扣教学目的和教学内容,层层铺垫,环环相扣,体现出恰当的逻辑性和连贯性。
以下是一位教师教学主题My favourite season is spring.的课堂教学设计,该课例展示了这位授课教师如何巧妙组织不同层面的教学活动,层层递进,水到渠成。
(1)导入主题
通过听歌曲吸引学生参与学习活动,鼓励学生对“季节”进行联想;然后围绕歌曲内容向学生提问:
What is the song about?
When we talk about seasons, what do we think of them?
(2)初步学习主题
教师提供与季节相关的词语和句式It's… / I can…,引导学生描述春、夏、秋、冬四个季节:
T:Well. I think you can talk about it like this: In spring, it's…
SS: Green.
T: Yes. And it's…
SS: Warm.
T: I can…
SS: Wear a jacket.
T: And I can …
SS: Fly a kite.
T:Good job! What about summer? Can you talk about it like this? ( 教师提供关键词句。)
(3)交际运用
授课教师与学生相互交流自己喜欢的季节,学生运用所学知识表达观点,以拓展本节课的主题:
T: Children. You know something about the seasons. And I'd like to know your favourite season is… Can you tell me?
S1: My favourite season is summer.
T: Why do you like summer?
S1: Because summer is hot. I can eat a lot of ice-cream.
T: Yummy! Good! What's your favourite season?
S2: My favourite season is winter.
T; Why?
S2: Because winter is cold. We can go skiing.
T: Going skiing. That sounds interesting.
接下来学生以两人小组的形式进行交流。
(4)发展学习策略
①听、读故事,填写表格,在语篇中学习、巩固已学内容,并有效训练如何获取所需信息的学习技巧:
T:Why do they like these seasons. This time let's read the story and underline the key words, such as It's…, I can…
教师引导学生对It's…; I can…句子加下划线,为填写表格作铺垫。
② 读一读、猜一猜。教师分句呈现以下各句(见下划线句),激发学生阅读兴趣,训练学生从整体把握语篇内容的阅读策略:
People can swim in the sea.
教师提问:What season is it?
学生猜测:It's summer.
in Hainan, and they also can go skiing in Harbin.
学生猜测:It's winter.
Children love it. Because they can play firecrackers and get lucky money.
教师提问:What season is it?
学生猜测:It's spring.
(5)主题内容延伸
学生欣赏、谈论“树叶图”和“雪景图”,激发学生积极的学习情感,实现从语言输入到语言输出的有效转化:
T:I know in winter it doesn't snow here, so I have got some pictures of snow scene. Let's enjoy them. What do you think of the pictures? Is it beautiful? What can children do?
S1: They can go skiing.
S2: It's beautiful.
T(呈现语篇): Winter is my favourite season. It's cold. I can wear coats and gloves. When it snows, it's white everywhere. And I can make a snowman. I love winter, because my birthday is in winter.
T: What's your favourite season?
S3: My favourite season is summer. Because in summer, I can swim in the swimming pool. And my birthday is in summer.
T: What can you eat in summer?
S4: I can eat, er, ice-cream and watermelon.
T: That sounds great.
3.规范性和准确性
小学生在学习英语的过程中,语言输入主要是来自课堂。规范、准确、地道的教师话语能为学生提供有效的语言输入。
(1)高质量的课堂教学话语有利于学生理解和建构语言知识。
教师要善于在课堂上使用浅显易懂的语言来解释语言现象。以下师生对话是另外一位授课教师在教学 A Free Holiday时,试图向学生解释free的意思:
T: So they have won a free holiday. But do you know what a free holiday in English is?
SS: (Silence)
T: In English. What is a free holiday? Do you need to pay for the holiday?
No, you don't need to pay for the holiday. So that's a free holiday. Today
we are going to learn something about a free holiday. Everybody, follow
me. Free holiday.
SS: Free holiday.
T: ER. Do you like free holiday?
SS: (Silence)
T: You don't need to pay for it. Yes or no?
SS: (Some say “Yes.” after a pause.)
T: If you won a free holiday, where do you want to go?
T: (To one pupil) Where do you want to go?
S1: I want to go to the seaside.
不难看出,在以上教学过程中,授课教师首先自问自答: What is a free holiday? Do you need to pay for the holiday? No, you don't need to pay for the holiday. So that's a free holiday. 然后学生齐读;接下来授课教师进行两次理解检查(comprehension check),以检测学生对单词free的理解。但是,学生从沉默到被动回答“Yes.”,表明他们还未真正明白单词free的意思;一位学生的回答:I want to go to the seaside.也只能表明该学生只领会了老师的提问“Where do you want to go? ”,而并不能表明他已经理解了单词free的真正含义。
针对以上的教学片段,教师可以借助更直观的教学方式,让学生明白单词free的意思。比如,教师首先呈现以下图片:
图1
教师指着价格(98元)自问自答:Look, is it a free holiday? No, it's not a free holiday. 接下来向学生呈现另外一张图片:
图2
教师指着“免费”字样对学生说:Look! It's free. You can travel to Australia for free. And you can travel to New Zealand for free. 学生通过对比不同图片,不难推断出单词free的意思。为了进一步检查学生对单词free的理解,教师还可以提供机会让学生对其进行意义加工,比如:Did you have a free holiday before? Where did you go?
(2)高质量的教师话语有利于激发学生的学习兴趣,启发学生的积极思维。
高质量的教师话语还体现在教师的提问技巧上。教师的提问方式大致有两种:
一是展示性提问(Display Question)。为了检查学生对语言知识的掌握情况,或者为了让学生操练某一语言形式,教师通常向全班学生提问已经有确定答案的问题,这种会话模式只需要学生回答“Yes”或“No”,或者只要求学生重复录音或重现语言形式。这样简单的“全班答”的模式虽然有助于营造比较热闹的课堂气氛,但学生往往不假思索便可做答,其基本导向是低层次的思维活动(何安平, 2004)。
二是参照性提问(Referential Question)。这样的提问并无确定答案,且一般指向单个学生。比如:Why do you like the story? / Where do you want to go in your summer holiday? / What can you do in the park? 由于学生的个性化回答是教师事先不知道的信息内容,因而是真正意义上的课堂交际。教师参照性提问往往是开放性问题,能为学生创造实践语言的机会,有利于激发学生的想象力和发散思维,促进课堂交际。
小学生由于语言水平有限,对于教师的开放性提问,可能会采用无话语行为的回避策略。为了避免挫伤学生的参与热情和输出语言的积极性,教师可以根据学生的语言水平,提供词语让学生选择,甚至可以允许学生适当使用中文,以降低回答问题的难度,达到意义交流的目的。
三、 课堂话语分析有利于优化课堂教学过程,不断提高教师的课堂教学水平
笔者曾对自己的一节英语阅读课进行课堂实录。课后观看实录,笔者惊讶地发现自己过度使用了“Yes or No? ”。课堂实录让笔者认识到一些需要改进的细节。比如,除了“Yes or No? ”外,还可以采用多样化的课堂话语:Is he/she right? / Do you think so? / Got it? / See? / Right? 可见,教师如果有条件分析自己的课堂教学话语,就有可能注意到存在的问题,为今后改进教学提供依据。
教师还可以分析同行的教师话语。通过观察师生进行的交际活动,关注哪些策略和方法更有利于教学,更能调动学生的积极性和提高学生课堂的参与度。
本文原刊载于:中小学外语教学(小学篇)2010年第1期,收录于此略有改动