（30）介词的用法

介词通常是置于名词或代词前的，所以又称为前置词。其形态不一，大多数是单词，但很多却是短语构成的，如 as for，as to，because of，by means of，in front of，in spite of，instead of，on account of，out of，owing to，up to，but for，for the benefit of，in honor of 等，另外又有双重的介词（Double Preposition），即并列的两个介词共着一个宾语时，就可省去一个宾语，如 on the ground 和 to the ground 就可并成 on to the ground，其他例如：

We stayed there till after sunset.

He picks the reticule from off Jack’s shirt-front.——Galsworthy，Silver Boz

The old citizen first emerged his round red face from out of the door.——Irving. Rural England

She loved to see every one gay and happy round about her.——Thackeray，Vanity Fair

介词有时可以略去，如

He walks at the rate of two miles（in）an hour.

He writes home two times（in）a month.

You may come to see me（at）any time between 4 and 5.

It will have been raining（for）a whole week（by）tomorrow.

He left here（on）this morning 或（on）last Sunday.

兹将主要介词的用法及意义，举例说明如下：

1. about

①附近：He lives somewhere about Yun Chiau.

②到处：They wander about the world.

③从事：What are you about？

④关于：Please tell me about yourself.

2. above

①在上：The sun was seen above the horizon.

②优越：There is no riches above a sound body.

③超脱：He is above such mean actions.

④Phrase：Above all，beware of illness.

3. after

①后（时间）：After dark，we went back to out home.

②后（顺序）：After a storm comes a calm.

③追求：He thirsts after knowledge.

④模仿：The son takes after the father more than the mother.

⑤不顾：He failed after all his labours.

⑥Phrases：One after another all my plans have failed.

He is a man after all.

Please look after my little boy in my absence.

4. against

①反对：I am against the plan.

②相靠：He stood leaning against the wall.

③冲突：He ran his boat against the bank.

④对照：The number of applicants this year is fifty against thirty last year.

⑤准备：We should always lay up against a rainy day.

5. across

①横断：He made several journeys across the continent.

②那边：He lives across the river.

6. at

①小地方：At the edge of a forest there grew a great oak.

②短时间：We generally dine at eight.

③接近：The servant is now at the well.

（注）自愿的接近用 at，偶然的接近用 by，如 There is a willow tree by the well.

④比率：I walk at the rate of four miles an hour.

⑤代价：At what price did you buy that hat？

⑥从事：He was busily at work all day.

⑦状态：Please call on me tomorrow if you are at leisure.

⑧目标：The hunter fired at a fox.

⑨看到：I am surprised at the sight.

⑩听到：He was frightened at the news.

⑪限度：The examination is at an end.

⑫Phrases：He was at a loss for a suitable reply.

She was not ignorant at any rate.

He did it at the expense of his character.

The ship was at the mercy of wind and waves.

I tried to save him at the risk of my own life.

7. before

①前（时间）：Call on me again before the day of your departure.

②前（地点）：Don’t stand before me.

③选择：Death before dishonour.

④Phrase：The rainy season will set in before long.

8. behind

①后面：My box is behind your chair.

②背后：Do not speak ill of a man behind his back.

③遗下：He has left a great fortune behind him.

④迟延：I was a little behind time today.

9. below

①在下：There is a pool below the bridge.

②劣于：His scholarship is below his cousin’s.

③以下：He cannot be below thirty.

10. beneath

①底下：Many heroes sleep beneath those tombstones.

②下位：Do not associate with them:it is beneath you.

11. beside，besides

①并行：There is a path beside the river.

②比较：This is a poor work beside yours.

③Phrase：He was beside himself with anger.

④之外：We nearly all take German besides English.

12. beyond

①那边：There is a tea-house beyond the hill.

②不能：It was dreadful beyond description.

13. but

①除开：You may take anything but this.

②Phrases：He has nothing but a few French books.

He is anything but a wild man.

14. by

①旁边：We rested at a tea-house by the wayside.

②创作者：Moving pictures were invented by Edison.

③手段：Are you going by train or by steamer？

④标准：Time is measured by the hour.

⑤相差：He is my senior by two years.

⑥计算：In America they board by the week.

⑦为止：He will certainly come by four o’clock.

⑧累加：They came in one by one.

⑨发誓：By Heavens.

⑩Phrases：Let’s go on，by all means.

I will by no means consent.

By the way I have something to tell you.

I am going to Europe by way of America.

He has succeeded by dint of perseverance.

It looks as if it would clear up by and by.

I work by day，not by night.

He is not the man to do things by halves.

15. for

①去处：He left Keelung for Japan.

②目的：Never study only for wealth.

③交换：I bought it for ten dollars.

④原因：Jan angry with you for doing such a thing.

⑤期间：I have not seen you for a long time.

⑥比较：He knows a good deal for a lad of ten.

⑦不顾：For all his wealth，he is discontented.

⑧赞成：I am for the bill，but he is against it.

⑨同情：I am sorry for you.

⑩找寻：He is looking for some good excuse to give up school.

⑪Phrases：The life of man in this world is，for the most part，a life of work.

I took him for a poet.

Please send for the doctor.

As for fame，it is but little matter.

That ship is bound for San Francisco.

16. from

①地点：How far is it from here to the airfield？

②时间：I have known him from the child.

③推想：Judging from reports，he seems to be rich.

④分离：He has recovered from his illness.

⑤区别：It is hard to know flatterers from friends.

⑥材料：Gas is made from coal.

⑦起源：He comes from Ireland.

⑧妨害：His illness prevented him from working.

⑨禁止：I have been ordered by the doctor to abstain from wine.

⑩保护：Let us take shelter from the rain.

⑪原因：I often suffer from a severe headache.

⑫Phrases：He lives from hand to mouth.

He was trembling from head to feet.

17. in

①长时间：Nightingale was born in 1820.

②大地方：When in Rome，do as the Romans do.

③状态：We should keep our body in good health.

④方式：Please send a telegram in haste.

⑤目的：The Greeks held games in honor of the Olympian gods.

⑥同一：I have found a good friend in Mr. A.

⑦程度：This seems to have lightened the load in some measure.

⑧实际：In fact，there is not much chance for the man whose courage fails.

⑨在某点上：He is the first in arithmetic.

⑩衣服：The gentleman in a morning coat is Dr. B.

⑪Phrases：Let one of us go in your stead.

Still，in the main，choice of companions can be made and must be made.

Real ability will win in the long run.

In short，I want some money.

Apply in person.

I was in season for the fair.

I was just in time for the express.

The boy will become a useful man in time.

18. into

①从外入内：He plunged into the water.

②变化：Water changes into ice at 32°by Fahrenheit.

③制作：Bamboo is made into various kinds of things.

④研究：Look into your dictionary.

19. off

①港外：The steamer is at anchor off Keelung.

②脱离：The wind blew a tile off the roof.

20. of

①所有关系：The cover of this book is yellow.

②同格：Newton was born at the small village of Woolsthorpe.

③形容词句：Nothing of importance resulted from the movement.

④部分：Some of the boys returned by train.

⑤内容：He takes a glass of wine every evening.

⑥材料：Formerly all ships were made of wood.

⑦起源：Your illness comes of eating too much.

⑧关于：What became of your servant？

Does your father know of this？

⑨原因：He died of consumption.

⑩剥夺：Ill temper will rob you of peace and happiness.

⑪Phrases：The weather has been very changeable of late.

I am of opinion that the step is wrong.

His horse sprang forward all of a sudden.

21. on，upon

①在某日：A poster exhibition was held on the 10th of this month.

②定时：On the morning of the 15th inst.，there was a slight earthquake in this city.

③表面接触：There hangs a map on the wall.

④题目：Mr. Lee wrote an essay on electricity.

⑤实际状态：The house was on fire. He is on duty.

⑥为着某事：Sometimes I run to the town on errands.

⑦基础：You must act on this theory.

⑧理由：He resigned on account of his poor health.

⑨依赖：Your success or failure depends on your exertion.

⑩界线接触：Chicago is on Lake Michigan.

⑪支持：He wished only to have enough to live on.

⑫奏乐：Can you play on the piano？

⑬随即：On arriving there，we drove to the restaurant.

⑭Phrases：He left Taipei for America on board the steamer Gordon.

It takes 20 minutes from here to the station on foot.

On an average，ten vessels enter the port every day.

He was killed on the spot.

My opinion is on the whole the same as yours.

The young man who expects to get on must work very hard.

He carries on a retail trade.

22. out of

①in 的反对：He is a fish out of water.

②into 的反对：Many people were so frightened that they ran out of their house.

③动机：I saved him out of pity for his family.

④部分：This is only one instance out of many.

⑤材料：We make many things out of paper.

⑥Phrases：Out of sight，out of mind.

His hat is out of fashion.

I am quite out of breath.

23. over

①悬在上面：We have a roof over us.

②支配：He had no control over his appetites.

③超过：He seems to be over fifty.

④同时发生：He went to sleep over his work.

⑤原因：I wept over his death.

⑥覆盖：Please spread the blanket over the grass.

⑦跳过：The bad boy climbed over the hedge and went into the garden.

⑧反复：We talked over it till midnight.

24. through

①贯通：The train has passed through a tunnel.

②媒介：They speak through an interpreter.

③原因：He lost his position through neglect of his duty.

④继续：He slept through the lesson.

25. to

①时间：He remembered it to his dying day.（与 till 同）

②方向：Anping is situated to the northwest of Tainan.

③附加：Add three to four.

④程度：Snow fell to the depth of 2 feet.

⑤结果：The building was burnt to ashes.

⑥比例：Ten to one he will fail in the new enterprise.

⑦比较：Man’s life is often compared to a candle.

⑧适合：This work was not to his taste.

⑨关系：He is the heir to that property.

⑩Phrases：Let us be up and doing to the purpose.

He used his talent to the best advantage.

26. toward （ s ）

①向着：I saw the boys run towards the river.

②时近：Towards evening，the wind abated a little.

③对于：We must fulfill our duty towards our community.

27. under

①正下面：There is a cat under the table.

②部下：Under him were three petty officials.

③在……中：The new machine is under examination.

④负担：The old man bent under the load.

⑤不到：He must be under 30 years of age.

⑥假装：He cheated me under the mask of friendship.

⑦口实：He did not come under the excuse of illness.

⑧境遇：It is impossible under such circumstances.

28. with

①所有：I have no money with me today.

②工具：We see with our eyes，and hear with our ears.

③原因：Hearing the news，she is mad with joy.

④同时：I rise with the lark，go with the lark to bed.

⑤比较：Few writers can compare with Scott as creators of romance.

⑥一致：He acted in accordance with rule.

⑦同居：I lived with my uncle for many years.

⑧边说边做：With this he left the room.

⑨反抗：I have to contend with difficulties.

⑩密切关系：I am very intimate with him.

⑪Phrases：I accept your help with all my heart.

He worked with a will.

Study with all your might and main.

Deal honestly with all men.

29. within

①时间内：I will come back within an hour.

②地区内：My house stands within a mile of the school.

30. without

①with 的反对：He went without his dinner.

②代 if...not：Without air，we cannot live.

③Phrases：If I cannot get what I want，I will do without it.

Nobody can see the scenery without admiring it.

You must pay your debt without delay.