PET/CT在鼻咽癌中的应用

区晓敏 胡超苏

复旦大学附属肿瘤医院

鼻咽癌是中国南方和东南亚高发的恶性肿瘤[1]。由于鼻咽癌独特的解剖学位置以及对放疗的敏感性,主要的治疗手段是放射治疗。影像学检查对准确的诊断和精确的靶区勾画十分重要。正电子发射体层成像(positron emission tomography/ computed tomography,PET/CT)尤其是18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)PET/CT),在多种实体肿瘤中得到了广泛的应用。PET/CT具有两种模式的检测能力,能直接进行图像融合,既可获得较细致的解剖学信息,又可通过FDG的高摄取来定位病灶。近年来越来越多研究显示,PET/CT在鼻咽癌的分期、疗效评价、诊断残留或复发以及预后方面同样具有较大的临床应用价值。

初始分期

准确的分期对于制定鼻咽癌的治疗计划、勾画放疗靶区都有十分重要的意义。MRI有出色的软组织分辨率,能清晰地显示鼻咽肿瘤的局部侵犯,颅底骨质受累以及颅内侵犯。相比而言,18F-FDG PET/CT对局部侵犯的分辨能力不如MRI,尤其在显示咽旁侵犯、颅底骨质受累以及颅内病灶。18F-FDG PET/CT只能发现50%左右的咽旁侵犯[2],诊断42.7%的颅内侵犯[3],与MRI相比,仅根据18F-FDG PET/CT进行分期会导致约22.5%~50%的病例T分期降期[2,4]。再者,对于体积小于1ml的病灶,FDG可能无明显浓聚,这使18F-FDG PET/CT可能会漏诊早期的鼻咽癌病灶。

鼻咽癌中咽后淋巴结转移十分常见,72%的鼻咽癌病例中可发现咽后淋巴结的转移[5]。传统而言,咽后淋巴结转移的影像学诊断是基于淋巴结的横断位的最大短径,中央坏死或包膜外侵犯。Mancuso[6]等报道,青少年中咽后淋巴结短径为5~8mm,成年人中咽后淋巴结短径为3~5mm。Lam[7]等报道,在中国人群中正常咽后淋巴结横断位的短径不超过4mm。鉴于此,学者提出咽后淋巴结短径超过4~5mm作为转移的诊断标准[5,7]。Tang [8]等比较了MRI和PET/CT对于咽后淋巴结的诊断价值,MRI的诊断率明显高于PET/CT(44.8% vs. 24.1%,P<0.001)。值得注意的是,PET/CT的SUVmax 与咽后淋巴结的短径密切相关。在短径<10mm的咽后淋巴结中,只有5.8%的淋巴结SUVmax大于2.5;在短径≥10mm的咽后淋巴结中,这一比例升高至88.2%。因此,PET/CT 在诊断咽后淋巴结受累方面,尤其是短径<10mm的咽后淋巴结淋巴结,其敏感性不如MRI[2,4];再者,当原发灶较大并与咽后淋巴结融合时,PET/CT也较难诊断咽后淋巴结的转移[4]

鼻咽癌非常容易发生颈部淋巴结转移,约60%~88.1%的患者首诊时有颈部淋巴结转移[5,9-11]。MRI诊断颈部淋巴结转移主要基于淋巴结大小,中央坏死和包膜外侵犯。在诊断颈部淋巴结转移方面,PET/CT更为敏感,敏感度为74.7%~96.5%,而MRI的敏感度为52.6%~93%;在诊断淋巴结转移的特异性方面,PET/CT并未比MRI更有优势,PET/CT、MRI诊断颈部淋巴结转移的特异度分别为87%~98%、79%~95%[12-16]。少数PET/CT假阳性的病例病理证实为淋巴结反应性炎[4],少数假阴性的淋巴结是短径<10mm的小淋巴结。实际上,对于短径<10mm的小淋巴结,MRI诊断也同样面临难题[17]

诊断远处转移方面,一系列研究都表明PET/CT比常规影像学检查如胸片或胸部CT、腹部超声和骨扫描更为准确[18-19]。Yen[18]等报道PET/CT可在常规影像检查诊断为M0的患者中还可发现12.9%的远处转移,其敏感性、特异性为100%、86.9%。Chang[19]等报道PET/CT诊断远处转移的敏感性、特异性分别为100%、90.1%。PET/CT的优势尤其体现在诊断肺转移和骨转移,PET/CT比胸部CT[20]和骨扫描[20,21]都更为敏感。再者,PET/CT诊断远处淋巴结转移方面亦更为敏感,一项研究报道PET/CT在4.5%和3.4%的鼻咽癌病例中可发现纵隔、腹腔淋巴结转移[11],并且这些病例都有锁骨上淋巴结转移,可能与锁骨上淋巴结引流有关。这些病例大多数不能被常规的影像学检查所发现,而PET/CT的应用完全改变了分期和治疗策略。

诊断局部复发或残留

(一)原发灶残留或复发

放射治疗可使组织发生炎症反应,纤维组织增生,同时导致解剖学结构紊乱。这些改变使MRI诊断局部复发或残留的病灶变得困难。因此,学者们尝试运用18F-FDG PET/ CT来诊断局部复发或残留。目前,共有四项临床研究评估综合应用MRI和PET/CT在鼻咽癌的局部残留、复发或放射性反应的鉴别价值[22-25]。其中,两项研究提示综合应用两种影像学手段的准确性让人满意,其敏感度为100%,特异度为92.9%~93.4%[22,23]。在另一项研究中[24],PET/CT诊断局部复发的敏感度、特异度仅为91.6%和76.0%。而在Comoretto等[25]的研究中,MRI似乎比PET/CT有更好的诊断效能——MRI、PET/CT的准确率分别为92.1%、85.7%(P=0.16)。PET/ CT假阳性的病例主要是由炎症所致,而假阴性的病例主要是鼻咽黏膜的表浅复发或颅内侵犯[23,24]。Comoretto认为MRI的优势在于有很好的软组织分辨率,可诊断颅底骨质受侵和颅内侵犯,而FDG PET/CT 由于脑组织的高FDG摄取,故在诊断颅底骨质受侵或颅内侵犯方面有固有缺陷;再者,运用新型的MRI技术如动态增强扫描、可有助于鉴别纤维化或局部残留[26]。值得注意的是,有报道显示,颅底骨质放射性坏死,同样有FDG的高摄取[27,28],可见单纯依据SUVmax的阈值来鉴别放射性反应或肿瘤残留复发并不可靠。考虑到两项技术各有优劣,笔者推荐综合应用FDG PET/CT和MRI来诊断局部复发或残留。同样,密切的临床随访和必要的组织学检查也是十分重要的。

(二)颈部淋巴结复发或残留

与初始分期相似,PET/CT在诊断颈部淋巴结复发或残留方面似乎有更佳的敏感性。Ng[24]等报道,PET/CT诊断复发或残留淋巴结的敏感度、特异度分别为90.0%和88.9%。Comoretto[25]等比较PET/CT和MRI在诊断复发、残留淋巴结方面的价值,发现PET/CT似乎有更高的敏感度和特异度(P=0.08),其中PET/CT的敏感度和特异度分别为95.2%和97.6%,而MRI的敏感度、特异度分别为90.5%和90.5%。同样地,PET/CT对短径小于10mm的淋巴结诊断效能不足[17],而淋巴结炎也可能误诊为假阳性[25]

疗效评价

调强放射治疗使鼻咽癌放射治疗的局部控制疗效明显提高,但仍有一部分病例发生局部复发。一旦发生复发,再程放疗疗效欠佳,生活质量也明显下降。因此,寻找一种预测鼻咽癌放射治疗疗效的手段十分重要,以便于对不良预后患者采取更为积极的治疗。常规影像学手段如CT和MRI经常作为鼻咽癌疗效评价的手段,但是它们都有一些不足之处:①只能检测解剖学的、体积的变化,这种变化往往在放化疗后一段时间才能显示出来,这往往错过了调整治疗策略的最佳时机;②不能有效鉴别肿瘤或炎症,使进一步的治疗随访决策面临困难[29-31]18F-FDG PET/CT能提供肿瘤代谢信息,已被广泛应用于食管癌、肺癌、结直肠癌、淋巴瘤等实体肿瘤的疗效评价中[32-35]。然而,目前关于18F-FDG PET/CT在鼻咽癌疗效预测与评价的研究仍然较少。在一项纳入T4鼻咽癌的研究中[36],基线的SUVmax和治疗后SUVmax(放化疗后3个月)与局部疗效密切相关,其中治疗无反应者(non-responder)比有反应者(responder)有更高的治疗后FDG摄取,阈值为SUVmax≥4。Xie[37]等报道,放疗后代谢完全缓解(complete metabolic response,CMR)的病例,与代谢部分缓解(partial metabolic response,PMR)的病例相比,有更高的总生存率。Chan[38]等发现在局部晚期鼻咽癌中,放化疗后的总糖酵解值(total lesion glycolysis,TLG)是总生存和无病生存的独立预后因子。放化疗后3个月的PET/CT检查,比常规影像学检查和TNM分期有更好的预测无病生存期的价值。值得注意的是,常规影像学随访漏诊了43%的治疗失败,包括局部区域残留或远处孤立脏器的转移[38]。放化疗后PET/CT进行疗效评价,可更早地发现治疗失败,从而及时改变治疗策略。因此,笔者推荐对于治疗后失败风险较高的患者,特别是Ⅳa和Ⅳb期的患者,在放化疗后以PET/CT进行疗效评价。

预后价值

已有多项研究表明18F-FDG PET/CT在多种实体肿瘤中的预后价值,提示FDG的高摄取与肿瘤的侵袭性和不良预后有关[39-42]。近来,一系列研究也证实PET/CT在鼻咽癌中的预后价值。Lee[43]等研究表明,18F-FDG PET/CT SUVmax是鼻咽癌预后的非常有价值的影像学指标,其中淋巴结SUVmax高于原发灶者以及SUVmax>8者都提示着不良预后。Xie[37]等报道,治疗前SUVmax<8的病例有更好的总生存和无病生存。放疗后1~5个月复查PET/CT,达到CMR的患者有更高的5年总生存和无病生存。相似的,Chan[44]等报道,原发灶和阳性淋巴结的SUVmax都是鼻咽癌无病生存的独立预后因子,其中原发灶SUVmax<7.5和淋巴结SUVmax<6.5都提示更好的预后。

有趣的是,部分研究提示,治疗前的SUVmax与远处转移更为密切相关。正如Chan[45]等报道,基线的SUVmax是远处转移的独立预后因子,比传统的TNM分期预测价值更佳。更大样本的研究纳入196例Ⅲ、Ⅳ期鼻咽癌患者[46],研究表明淋巴结的高SUVmax是无远处转移生存的独立预后因子,而高总糖酵解值(TLG)是总生存和无病生存的独立预后因子。另一项纳入371例鼻咽癌患者的临床研究中[47],原发灶和阳性淋巴结的高SUVmax与远处转移密切相关,而与局部复发和总生存无明显关系。笔者考虑,肿瘤的高糖酵解与肿瘤的活性和侵袭性有关,可能从某种角度提示更高的转移能力。

近年来,除了SUVmax,其他的PET/CT参数也越来越受重视[48-52]。SUVmax是一个半定量的指标,常常受多种因素影响,特别是勾画感兴趣区域的范围和体积。代谢肿瘤体积(metabolic tumor volume,MTV),定义为有FDG高摄取的肿瘤体积(通常由自动勾画所定),是理论上更好的预测指标[53]。总糖酵解值(TLG)代表肿瘤内高于某一阈值的代谢体积,也可能是更好地反映肿瘤符合的指标[54]。在一项研究中[48],MTV≤40ml是短期疗效和无病生存的唯一的独立预测因子。在其他头颈部鳞癌[48-50]、肺癌[51]和乳腺癌[52]中,MTV和TLG被证明是总生存和无病生存更好的预测因子。综合应用多种肿瘤代谢指标,如MTV和SUVmax,可能更有助于预测鼻咽癌患者的长期生存[55]

其他新型显像剂PET/CT的应用

一些新型的显像剂,如乏氧显像剂18F-Fluoromisonidazole (FMISO)和增殖显像剂18F-Fluorothymidine (FLT)在鼻咽癌放化疗敏感性的价值亦有相关报道。初步临床研究提示,治疗前鼻咽肿瘤乏氧程度较低,与放化疗后完全缓解密切相关[56]。治疗前鼻咽肿瘤的增殖体积与放化疗后肿瘤退缩有关[57]。鼻咽癌细胞的裸鼠移植瘤模型也显示,18F-FLT PET/CT有预测移植瘤放射敏感性的潜在价值。

总结

近十年来,PET/CT越来越广泛地应用于各种实体肿瘤的临床实践中,PET/CT已逐渐成为肿瘤诊断和疗效评估的重要手段。尽管PET/CT仍有一些不足,比如难以准确鉴别炎症和肿瘤,对于小体积病灶的敏感性不佳,但是PET/CT在鼻咽癌的N分期、M分期方面都显现出重要的价值,并且有助于诊断放化疗后肿瘤残留或复发。PET/CT另一个重要的潜在价值是可在治疗前、治疗后早期预测疗效和长期生存情况,这对于区分不同复发转移风险的病人,从而给予更为积极的个体化的治疗都是大有裨益的,值得进一步深入研究探讨。

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