Chapter 4　Summary　摘要填空题

出题形式

摘要填空分为两种题型，一种是单词选择式，另一种是单词填空式。第一种的出题形式是考题中给出一个选项方框，框中列出若干以字母为编号的单词，包括名词、形容词、副词等，方框上方为题目。题目一般是一整个段落或者好几个段落，中间有几个空，要求考生将字母填进空格。这种总结题常见填进去的答案和框内给到的单词会有词性替换或者单词替换的情况。第二种出题形式则是没有提供可以选择的词汇，都需要考生从原文找到答案并填进去，一般遵循所在即所得的原则。

题型特点

●摘要题一般是顺序题型，乱序的情况也会出现，但是比较少。

●填空式的摘要题一般会有字数要求，呈现形式为no more than three words or a number等。

●选择式的总结题可能出现定位到的答案跟框内供选择的答案词性不一样甚至单词出现替换的情况。

●总结题有时候答案和定位所在句会出现不对称，也就是说答案是根据几个句子总结意思同义转述而来。

●总结题有时候会出现针对段落的填空，也会有针对全文的填空。

考查技能

1.逻辑关联能力

要较好地完成摘要填空题，需要考生能够快速地根据题目给到的信息定位到原文，并且理解句子进行同义转述确认答案。现在考试的趋势是定位比较难，会出现定位词替换的情况，所以需要根据原文的发展来辅助定位。

2.预测及同义转换能力

有些学生能够利用上面提及的文章结构帮助了定位，但是因为词汇的限制和长难句理解的障碍，导致其很难去理解句意，跟题目进行同义转述。

3.利用特殊词确认答案的能力

1）表示因果关系的词，如because, as, since, for, due to, thanks to, as a result of等。在因果关系中除了一些连接词的衔接外，还有一些表示因果关系的单词，如trigger, breed, induce, engender, generate, be responsible for, affect, determine等，这些词在语义中隐含了因果关系。

2）表达转折关系的词，如but, however, while, yet, instead, rather, whereas等。

3）表示让步关系的词，如despite, in spite of, although等。

4）表示并列关系的词，如and, both……and……，neither……nor……。

5）表示举例关系的词，如such as, for example等。

解题步骤

1.仔细读题，确定填空部分是所给阅读文章的全篇还是部分的summary，确定是用题目所填空的单词表填空，还是需要自己从原文中挑选单词填空。

2.略读文章，了解文章大致走向，循序回原文定位，确定是哪一段或是哪些段落的内容。

3.精读填空所在的句子，确定所填词语是什么词性。

4.在原文找到相应的句子后，将关键词与题目信息进行匹配，运用语法确定答案。

5.完成填空后，快速粗略地扫一下句子，看整体是否流畅。

真题训练及解析1

剑10　Test 3　PASSAGE 3

Beyond the blue horizon

Ancient voyagers who settled the far-flung islands of the Pacific Ocean

An important archaeological discovery on the island of Éfaté in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient seafaring people, the distant ancestors of today’s Polynesians.The site came to light only by chance.An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave-the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3，000 years old.It is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Pacific islands, and it harbors the remains of an ancient people archaeologists call the Lapita.

They were daring blue-water adventurers who used basic canoes to rove across the ocean. But they were not just explorers.They were also pioneers who carried with them everything they would need to build new lives-their livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools.Within the span of several centuries, the Lapita stretched the boundaries of their world from the jungle-clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga.

The Lapita left precious few clues about themselves, but Éfaté expands the volume of data available to researchers dramatically.The remains of 62 individuals have been uncovered so far, and archaeologists were also thrilled to find six complete Lapita pots.Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside.‘It’s an important discovery，’says Matthew Spriggs, professor of archaeology at the Australian National University and head of the international team digging up the site，‘for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.’

DNA teased from these human remains may help answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific anthropology：did all Pacific islanders spring from one source or many?Was there only one outward migration from a single point in Asia, or several from different points?‘This represents the best opportunity we've had yet，'says Spriggs，‘to find out who the Lapita actually were, where they came from, and who their closest descendants are today.'

There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers：how did the Lapita accomplish the ancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over?No one has found one of their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights, for they turn into myths long before they reach as far back in time as the Lapita.

‘All we can say for certain is that the Lapita had canoes that were capable of ocean voyages, and they had the ability to sail them，'says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the University of Auckland. Those sailing skills, he says, were developed and passed down over thousands of years by earlier mariners who worked their way through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific, making short crossings to nearby islands.The real adventure didn't begin, however, until their Lapita descendants sailed out of sight of land, with empty horizons on every side.This must have been as difficult for them as landing on the moon is for us today.Certainly it distinguished them from their ancestors, but what gave them the courage to launch out on such risky voyages?

The Lapita's thrust into the Pacific was eastward, against the prevailing trade winds, Irwin notes. Those nagging headwinds, he argues, may have been the key to their success.‘They could sail out for days into the unknown and assess the area, secure in the knowledge that if they didn't find anything, they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds.This is what would have made the whole thing work.'Once out there, skilled seafarers would have detected abundant leads to follow to land：seabirds, coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by the tides, and the afternoon pile-up of clouds on the horizon which often indicates an island in the distance.

For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography of their own archipelagoes would have provided a safety net. Without this to go by, overshooting their home ports, getting lost and sailing off into eternity would have been all too easy.Vanuatu, for example, stretches more than 500 miles in a northwest-southeast trend, its scores of intervisible islands forming a backstop for mariners riding the trade winds home.

All this presupposes one essential detail, says Atholl Anderson, professor of prehistory at the Australian National University：the Lapita had mastered the advanced art of sailing against the wind. And there's no proof they could do any such thing，'Anderson says.‘There has been this assumption they did, and people have built canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that assumption.But nobody has any idea what their canoes looked like or how they were rigged.'

Rather than give all the credit to human skill, Anderson invokes the winds of chance. El Niño, the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita, Anderson suggests.He points out that climate data obtained from slow-growing corals around the Pacific indicate a series of unusually frequent El Niños around the time of the Lapita expansion.By reversing the regular east-to-west flow of the trade winds for weeks at a time, these‘super El Niños’might have taken the Lapita on long unplanned voyages.

However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central Pacific and perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther.They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands-more than 300 in Fiji alone.

Questions 27-31

Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below. Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

The Éfaté burial site

A　3，000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring people called the Lapita has been found on an abandoned 27___on the Pacific island of Éfaté.The cemetery, which is a significant 28___was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker.

The Lapita explored and colonised many Pacific islands over several centuries. They took many things with them on their voyages including 29___and tools.

The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available to scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from the Australian National University, are helping with the excavation of the site.Spriggs believes the 30___which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the 31___found inside are Lapita.

考题解析

27.答案　B

解析　根据题目当中的摘要标题，可以确定答案是从原文的首段切入，并且该题有表示时间的3000这个明显的定位词，还有burial ground，对应原文第一段第三句：An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave-the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3，000 years old.所填空之前的词是abandoned，该句中的derelict恰好可以与之进行同义转述，所以答案是plantation。

28.答案　F

解析　看题目确定定位词为cemetery, agricultural worker，填进去的词应该是个名词，并且是农民无意间发现的十分重要（significant）的东西。根据定位词可以发现我们定位的句子应该是第一段的前三句：An important archaeological discovery on the island of Éfaté in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient seafaring people, the distant ancestors of today’s Polynesians.The site came to light only by chance.An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave-the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3，000 years old.需要注意的是，这个题目出现了乱序，答案是在上一个题定位到的句子之前，by chance与accidentally同义转换，答案是archaeological discovery。

29.答案　I

解析　阅读题目，确定定位词tools, Pacific islands, several centuries，并且该选项的答案跟tools是并列的结构，由and来连接。定位到原文第二段的第三句：They were also pioneers who carried with them everything they would need to build new lives-their livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools.所以原文的livestock跟I的animals出现了单词的替换。

30.答案　G

解析　精读题目所在句，确定定位词是Spriggs，大写人名比较突出，并且答案是一个地名，题目中which用于修饰。回到原文，确定答案所在句为第三段的第三、四句：Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside.‘It’s an important discovery，’says Matthew Spriggs, professor of archaeology at the Australian National University and head of the international team digging up the site，‘for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.’确定答案是burial urn。

31.答案　D

解析　该题跟Q30位于同一个句子，所以答案也会在刚刚上一题定位的附近，所填空之前为定冠词the，并且确认了信息，所以答案为　remains的同义转述bones。

真题训练及解析2

剑10　Test 4　PASSAGE 2

Second nature

Your personality isn't necessarily set in stone. With a little experimentation, people can reshape their temperaments and inject passion, optimism, joy and courage into their lives.

A Psychologists have long held that a person's character cannot undergo a transformation in any meaningful way and that the key traits of personality are determined at a very young age. However, researchers have begun looking more closely at ways we can change.Positive psychologists have identified 24 qualities we admire, such as loyalty and kindness, and are studying them to find out why they come so naturally to some people.What they're discovering is that many of these qualities amount to habitual behaviour that determines the way we respond to the world.The good news is that all this can be learned.

Some qualities are less challenging to develop than others, optimism being one of them. However, developing qualities requires mastering a range of skills which are diverse and sometimes surprising.For example, to bring more joy and passion into your life, you must be open to experiencing negative emotions.Cultivating such qualities will help you realise your full potential.

B‘The evidence is good that most personality traits can be altered，'says Christopher Peterson, professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, who cites himself as an example. Inherently introverted, he realised early on that as an academic, his reticence would prove disastrous in the lecture hall.So he learned to be more outgoing and to entertain his classes.‘Now my extroverted behaviour is spontaneous，'he says.

C David Fajgenbaum had to make a similar transition. He was preparing for university, when he had an accident that put an end to his sports career.On campus, he quickly found that beyond ordinary counselling, the university had no services for students who were undergoing physical rehabilitation and suffering from depression like him.He therefore launched a support group to help others in similar situations.He took action despite his own pain-a typical response of an optimist.

D Suzanne Segerstrom, professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky, believes that the key to increasing optimism is through cultivating optimistic behaviour, rather than positive thinking. She recommends you train yourself to pay attention to good fortune by writing down three positive things that come about each day.This will help you convince yourself that favourable outcomes actually happen all the time, making it easier to begin taking action.

E You can recognise a person who is passionate about a pursuit by the way they are so strongly involved in it. Tanya Streeter's passion is freediving-the sport of plunging deep into the water without tanks or other breathing equipment.Beginning in 1998，she set nine world records and can hold her breath for six minutes.The physical stamina required for this sport is intense but the psychological demands are even more overwhelming.Streeter learned to untangle her fears from her judgment of what her body and mind could do.‘In my career as a competitive freediver, there was a limit to what I could do-but it wasn't anywhere near what I thought it was，'she says.

F Finding a pursuit that excites you can improve anyone's life. The secret about consuming passions, though, according to psychologist Paul Silvia of the University of North Carolina, is that‘they require discipline, hard work and ability, which is why they are so rewarding.'Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this advice for those people taking up a new passion：‘As a newcomer, you also have to tolerate and laugh at your own ignorance.You must be willing to accept the negative feelings that come your way，'he says.

G In 2004，physician-scientist Mauro Zappaterra began his PhD research at Harvard Medical School. Unfortunately, he was miserable as his research wasn't compatible with his curiosity about healing.He finally took a break and during eight months in Santa Fe, Zappaterra learned about alternative healing techniques not taught at Harvard.When he got back, he switched labs to study how cerebrospinal fluid nourishes the developing nervous system.He also vowed to look for the joy in everything, including failure, as this could help him learn about his research and himself.

One thing that can hold joy back is a person's concentration on avoiding failure rather than their looking forward to doing something well.‘Focusing on being safe might get in the way of your reaching your goals，'explains Kashdan. For example, are you hoping to get through a business lunch without embarrassing yourself, or are you thinking about how fascinating the conversation might be?

H Usually, we think of courage in physical terms but ordinary life demands something else. For marketing executive Kenneth Pedeleose, it meant speaking out against something he thought was ethically wrong.The new manager was intimidating staff so Pedeleose carefully recorded each instance of bullying and eventually took the evidence to a senior director, knowing his own job security would be threatened.Eventually the manager was the one to go.According to Cynthia Pury, a psychologist at Clemson University, Pedeleose's story proves the point that courage is not motivated by fearlessness, but by moral obligation.Pury also believes that people can acquire courage.Many of her students said that faced with a risky situation, they first tried to calm themselves down, then looked for a way to mitigate the danger, just as Pedeleose did by documenting his allegations.

Over the long term, picking up a new character trait may help you move toward being the person you want to be. And in the short term, the effort itself could be surprisingly rewarding, a kind of internal adventure.

Questions 14-18

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

Psychologists have traditionally believed that a personality 14___was impossible and that by a 15___a person's character tends to be fixed. This is not true according to positive psychologists, who say that our personal qualities can be seen as habitual behaviour.One of the easiest qualities to acquire is 16.However, regardless of the quality, it is necessary to learn a wide variety of different 17___in order for a new quality to develop；for example, a person must understand and feel some 18___in order to increase their happiness.

考题解析

14.答案　transformation/change

解析　定位词psychologists，来看原文Section A第一段的首句：Psychologists have long held that a person’s character cannot undergo a transformation in any meaningful way and that the key traits of personality are determined at a very young age.14题和15题位于同一个句子中，所以可以一起看，题目中的have traditionally believed跟原文的have long held that属同义转述，根据句意，可填答案为transformation/change。

15.答案　young age

解析　该题紧跟上一题，对应在原文中也就是that引导的第二个宾语从句内容。此题的难点在于需要考生分析题干全句，发现本宾语从句的主干是a person’s character tends to be fixed，并由此得出空格里内容应该与by a组成状语，对应原文的部分为at a very young age，答案为young age。

16.答案　optimism

解析　15题和16题中间的句子没有出题，但是逻辑关系为this is not true，对应原文however所在句，顺序往下看。16题定位为最高级the easiest qualities，对应回原文是Section A第二段的首句：Some qualities are less challenging to develop than others, optimism being one of them.答案为optimism。

17.答案　skills/techniques

解析　however转折逻辑词连接，空格位于different之后，答案应该是个名词的复数形式。定位词为a wide variety of，对应到原文的句子是Section A的第二段第二句：However, developing qualities requires mastering a range of skills which are diverse and sometimes surprising.这个句子当中的a range of　刚好可以跟a wide variety of同义转述，答案为skills。

18.答案　negative emotions/negative feelings

解析　题目当中有for example这个逻辑词，所填的内容跟understand并列，定位词increase their happiness.定位回到原文Section A的第二段的第三句：for example, to bring more joy and passion into your life, you must be open to experiencing negative emotions.所以答案为negative emotions。