Chapter Two　Tips and Advice
第二章　雅思写作常见话题及答题模型

2.1 Common Topics and Essay Types
常见话题及类型

In this section of the book, you'll find

● Key information and answers to typical questions

● Key vocabulary and phrases to include in your answer

● High score model answers

● Essay correction exercises

● Practice essay titles

在书的这一部分，你将会发现

● 关键信息和典型问题的答案

● 包含在你答案中的关键词和短语

● 高分标准答案

● 文章的修改练习

● 练习示例题目

IELTS Writing Task 1.
雅思小作文

★ Writing Task 1 - Question types 雅思小作文 -题型

● Changes over time. For example, a line graph showing changes in the number of students in a certain country over the past 100 years

● Past, present, future. For example, a bar chart showing changes in population between past and present in a certain country, and projections for the future.

● No changes over time. For example, the numbers of students studying in a certain country during the single year.

● Single diagram type. For example, a bar chart, line graph, table or pie chart

● Double diagram type. A combination of bar charts, line graphs, tables or pie charts

● 随时间而发生的变化。例如，一个折线图显示了过去100年某个国家学生人数的变化。

● 过去、现在、将来。例如，一个柱状图显示了一个国家过去和现在的人口变化，以及对未来的预测。

● 随时间未发生变化。例如，某一年在某个国家学习的学生人数。

● 单一的图表类型。例如，柱状图、折线图、表格或饼状图。

● 双图型。柱状图、折线图、表格或饼状图的组合。

★ IELTS Writing Task 1. Percentage of question topics
雅思小作文。话题的百分比

As you can see from the pie chart above, line graphs, bar charts and tables are the most common type of question. They currently make up more than 80% of the questions in IELTS tests. However, there is a sharp difference between questions that require you to describe changes over time [e.g. increases and decreases] and those that do not. Process diagrams and maps are much less common.

从上面的饼图可以看出，折线图、柱状图和表格是最常见的问题类型。目前，他们占雅思考试题目的80%以上。然而，需要描述变化的问题与不需要描述变化的问题有着巨大的不同。而流程图及地图题相对来说，并不常见。

● Maps, plans. In general, these show changes in a place, such as a park or a school, or
a building .

● Diagrams. These always show a process whereby a task is achieved. This could be a
manufacturing, agricultural, or document-related process such as obtaining a passport.

● Tables. These sometimes gives a snapshot of something that happens in a particular
year, such as consumer spending, or describe changes over time.

● Charts. Bar charts and pie charts are frequently used in IELTS tests, and describe
changes in figures over time or the situation at one particular time.

● Line graphs. These show changes in figures over a period, with rises, falls, increases
and decreases.

● Tables, charts and line graphs are often combined, and there are examples of this,
and the other question types, later in this book.

地图、计划。通常来说，这些会显示一个地方的变化，如公园、学校或建筑物。

图表，这些总是显示一个任务完成的过程。这可以是一个与制造业、农业或文件相关的过程，如获得护照的过程。

表格，这些数据有时可以反映某一年发生的事情，比如消费者支出，或者描述随时间的变化情况。

曲线图（柱状图和饼图）在雅思考试中是经常使用的，描述数字随时间或某一特定时刻的情景变化情况。

折线图，这些数据显示了一段时期内数字的变化，有上升、下降、增加和减少。

表格、图表和折线图经常会结合在一起，本书后面有例子，以及其他的问题类型。

IELTS Writing Task 2
雅思大作文

This is the only part of the test where topic knowledge is essential. It is vital that you know something about these topic areas, otherwise you won't be able to answer the questions. I have included notes and explanations which you can use to increase your knowledge of these five topic areas, and 19 sub-topics.

The graphs and charts below shows that Task 2 questions can be about a very wide variety of topics. However, even though the topic areas are very broad, there are only five of them.

这是考试中唯一一个主题知识很重要的部分。了解这些话题范围是非常重要的，否则你将无法回答这些问题。本书已经包括了注释（词汇）和它的解释，你可以使用这些词汇及解释来增加你对这5个话题范围和19个副主题的知识。

下面的图表显示，大作文的问题可以涉及各种各样的主题。然而，即使主题非常广泛，也可以归为5大类。

★ Writing Task 2 - Question types 雅思大作文 -题型

● Opinion: Discuss both views and choose the one you think is better.

Example. Economic growth is one of the key factors for ending world poverty. However, some people say this is causing damage to the environment, and should be stopped. Discuss both points of view and give your own opinion.

● Nuanced opinion: to what extent do you agree or disagree?

Example. In today's world, it is more important for school children to learn about world history than local history. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

● Problem and consequences.

Example. In many countries shops remain open for long hours every day of the week. Discuss the positive and negative effects on shoppers and local communities.

● Cause and solution.

Example. In many countries, students leave school with insufficient knowledge about managing their personal finances. What are the reasons for this? In what ways can the students be helped to have more knowledge about managing their own money?

● Cause and opinion

Example. More and more people are spending a large amount of money on making themselves look younger. Why do people want to look younger? Do you think this is a positive or negative development?

● Cause and result /consequences

Example. In many countries, female students tend to choose to study arts subjects, while males prefer science subjects. What are the reasons for this trend? What are the results for society?

观点：讨论两种观点，并选择你认为更好的一种。

例如：经济增长是消除世界贫困的关键因素之一。然而，有些人说这对环境造成了破坏，应该停止。讨论两种观点并给出你自己的观点。

微妙的意见：你在多大程度上同意或不同意?

例如：在当今世界，让学生学习世界历史比学习当地历史更重要。你在多大程度上同意或不同意?

问题及后果　例如：在许多国家，商店每天营业很长时间。讨论对购物者和当地社区的正面和负面影响。

原因及解决办法　例如，在许多国家，学生离开学校时对管理个人财务的知识还不够。原因是什么?怎样才能帮助学生掌握更多的理财知识?

原因与意见　例如：越来越多的人花大量的钱让自己看起来更年轻。为什么人们想看起来更年轻?你认为这是积极的还是消极的发展?

原因和结果/后果　例如：在许多国家，女生倾向于选择文科，而男生更喜欢理科。这种趋势的原因是什么?对社会的后果是什么?

★ IELTS Writing Task 2. Percentage of question topics.
雅思大作文。话题的百分比。

"Social issues" is the most common of all the question topics. However, it's a very broad category, and covers any information related to the relationships between groups and individuals in society. Questions in this category often ask for recommendations and suggestions.

“社会问题”是所有问题中最常见的话题。然而，这是一个非常广的范畴，涵盖了与社会中群体和个人之间的关系相关的一些信息。这类问题通常是在询问建议。

★ IELTS Writing Task 2. Number of essay questions asked about "Social Issues" since January 2017
雅思大作文。2017年1月以来，关于社会问题的问答题数量。

Key questions on this topic include.... 关于这个话题的关键问题包括……

● Health

Key questions. Good health is important not only for individuals, but for families and society. How can people lead healthier lives? What are the benefits of healthy communities?

● Helping others

Key questions. How much should we help others in our own society and in poor countries? How should individuals, NGOs and charities care for others?

● Inequality

Key questions. Society, and the world as a whole, consists of very wealthy privileged people, and many people who suffer from extreme poverty. Is this fair? What should be done about it, if anything? What rights should people have? Should men and women always be equal?

● Families

Key questions: Family relationships are changing all the time, and interaction between children and parents is changing too. Are these changes beneficial? What should be done to help families which face difficulties?

● Crime

Key questions: Crime is something that frightens people and causes a great deal of suffering to its victims. How can crime be reduced? What is responsible for rising crime?

● 健康

关键问题。健康不仅对个人，而且对家庭和社会都很重要。人们如何才能过上更健康的生活?健康社区的好处是什么?

● 帮助别人

关键问题。在我们国家和贫穷国家，我们应该付出多少去帮助他人?个人、非政府组织和慈善机构应该如何关心他人?

● 不平等

关键问题。社会，乃至整个世界，是由非常富有、享有特权的人以及许多极度贫困的人构成的。这公平吗?我们应该做些什么呢?人们应该拥有什么权利?男人和女人应该永远平
等吗?

● 家庭

关键问题:家庭关系一直在变化，孩子和父母之间的交流互动也在变化。这些改变有益吗?应该做些什么来帮助那些面临困难的家庭?

● 犯罪

关键问题:犯罪使人们感到恐惧，给受害者带来巨大的痛苦。怎样才能减少犯罪?什么导致犯罪率上升?

★ IELTS Writing Task 2. Number of essay questions asked about "Education" since January 2017.
雅思大作文。2017年1月以来，关于教育的问答题数量。

Key questions on this topic include.... 关于这个话题的关键问题包括……

● Individual benefits

Key questions: Education is provided by governments to individuals. To what extent do individuals benefit from education? Should individuals be made to pay for education that will benefit them in the long term?

● Social benefits

Key questions: What are the social benefits of education? Should the type of education that is received be changed? Do the benefits of higher education outweigh the costs of providing it?

● Methods

Key questions: with the advent of the Internet and digital devices, is education going to change dramatically? Will teachers still be needed, and how will education continue to change in future?

1.4.7教育

● 个人好处

关键问题:教育是由政府提供给个人的。个人在多大程度上受益于教育?应该让个人为长期受益的教育买单吗?

● 社会好处

关键问题:教育对社会的好处是什么?所接受的教育类型应该被改变吗?高等教育的收益是否超过提供高等教育的成本?

● 方法

关键问题:随着互联网和数码产品的出现，教育会发生巨大的变化吗?将来我们还需要教师吗?未来的教育将如何继续改变?

★ IELTS Writing Task 2. Number of essay questions asked about "Lifestyle" since January 2017.
雅思大作文。2017年1月起关于生活方式的问答题的数量

Key questions on this topic include.... 关于这个话题的关键问题包括……

● Leisure activities

Key questions: what kind of leisure activities are suitable and beneficial for families, children and others? Do people today get enough free time to relax and socialise?

● Quality of life

Is life better than it was in the past, or do people have worse lives than their parents and grandparents did? Despite problems with the environment and long working hours, how can people ensure a good quality of life?

● Social media

Has social media improved or damaged relationships between people? Does the ability to use social media to stay in contact 24 hours a day mean that people's lives today are more or less stressful?

● Jobs

How have working conditions changed, and are they improving or deteriorating for the majority of people? Should governments insure that access to all jobs be equal between male and female, younger and older people, or should this be up to individuals to decide?

● 休闲活动

关键问题:什么样的休闲活动适合家庭、孩子和其他人?现在的人们有足够的空闲时间来放松和社交吗?

● 生活质量

现在的生活比过去更好了吗？还是人们生活的比他们的父母和祖父母更糟?尽管存在环境问题和工作时间过长的问题，人们该如何保证良好的生活质量?

● 社交媒体

社交媒体是否改善或破坏了人与人之间的关系?一天24小时都能使用社交媒体保持联系，这意味着人们现在的生活压力更大还是更小了?

● 工作

工作条件发生了怎样的变化?对大多数人来说，工作条件是在改善还是在恶化?政府是否应该确保男性和女性，年轻人和老年人都能获得平等的工作机会，还是应该由个人来决定?

★ IELTS Writing Task 2. Number of essay questions asked about the "Environment" since January 2017.
雅思大作文。2017年1月以来，关于环境的问答题数量。

Key questions on this topic include.... 关于这个话题的关键问题包括……

● Cities

How do environmental conditions in cities impact the lives of ordinary people? Is enough being done to ensure clean air and water? What effect does the design of buildings have on people's lives?

● Nature

What problems does the environment face today, and what should be done about them? Should plants and animals be preserved, whatever the cost, or is the extinction of species inevitable?

● Food industry

Are people right to be concerned about the food they eat? What can they do to ensure that the food they buy and consume is healthy? What are the environmental issues involved in international food transport, which has become more common in recent years?

● Responsibility

Are governments, scientists, businesses or individuals responsible for environmental problems, and what can, and should, be done about them?

● 城市

城市的环境如何影响普通人的生活?是否已采取了足够的措施确保空气和水的清洁?建筑设计对人们的生活有什么影响?

● 自然

当今环境所面临的问题是什么，应该做些什么?是否应该不计成本地保护动植物，还是说物种的灭绝是不可避免的?

● 食品行业

人们是否理应担心自己吃的食物?他们能做些什么才能确保他们购买和消费的食物是健康的?近年来，国际食品运输变得越来越普遍，所涉及的环境问题有哪些?

● 责任

政府、科学家、企业或个人对环境问题负有责任吗?我们能做什么?我们应该做什么?

★ IELTS Writing Task 2. Number of essay questions asked about "Business" since January 2017.
雅思大作文。自2017年1月以来，关于商业的问答题数量。

Key questions on this topic include... 关于这个话题的关键问题包括……

● Advertising

Does advertising have bad effects on people in general, and children in particular? Should advertising be restricted for certain products, or banned altogether?

● Globalisation

Are the effects of globalisation making people around the world more similar to each other? What effect does it have on national culture if people eat international food, watch international films and use international products? Is the effect of a global language harmful or beneficial?

● The Media

How much influence does the media have on society? Should governments control the media, and stop them publishing stories about people's private lives? What type of media produces the most accurate and complete information about events? How has the media changed as a result of the Internet, and how much a change in future?

● 广告

一般来说，广告是否会对人们，尤其是对儿童有不良影响?应该限制某些产品的广告，还是完全禁止广告?

● 全球化

全球化的影响是否使世界各地的人们变得更加相似?如果人们吃国际食品，看国际电影，使用国际产品，对民族文化有什么影响?全球性语言的影响是有害的还是有益的?

● 媒体

媒体对社会有多大的影响?政府应该控制媒体，阻止他们发表关于人们私生活的报道吗?什么样的媒体能提供关于事件最准确、最完整的信息?互联网给媒体带来了怎样的变化?未来会有多大的变化?