(14)人称代词

人称代词(Personal Pronoun)有所谓人称(Person)、格(Case)、数(Number)、性(Gender)四点变化。人称有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称的区别;格有主格、宾格、所有格三种;数有单数及复数;性有男性、女性、通性和中性,现列表如下:

人称

数 性

主格

宾格

所有格

第一人称

单数

复数

I

we

me

us

my

our

第二人称

单数

复数

you

you

you

you

your

your

第三人称

单数 男性

   女性

   中性

复数 通性

he

she

it

they

him

her

it

them

his

her

its

their

关于代词的所有格(Possessive Case),如上表中所示有 my、our、their 等词,例如:“I made up my mind to stop their coming. ”句中的 my、their 皆是。

代词的所有格是形容词而物主代词(Possessive Pronoun)才是将名词合并在所有格中的用法,例如:“This watch is mine(= my watch). ”“Your socks are black,but mine(= my socks)are white. ”。这种物主代词,只有第三人称,是单数复数同形的,现列表如下:

人称

主格及宾格

第三人称

单复同形

my + 名词 = mine

our + 名词 = ours

your + 名词 = yours

your + 名词 = yours

his + 名词 = his

her + 名词 = hers

their + 名词 = theirs

此外又有所谓复合人称代词(Compound Personal Pronoun),又称反身代词(Reflexive Pronoun),其人称、数、格的变化如下表:

人称

主格及宾格

所有格

第一人称

myself

ourselves

my own

our own

第二人称

yourself

yourselves

your own

your own

第三人称

himself

herself

itself

his own

her own

its own

themselves

their own

一般通称

oneself

one’s own

反身代词主要有两种用法,即①反身的用法和②加强的用法,现分别例解如下:

①反身的用法

这是用作动词的宾语的。主语和宾语为同一体。

She concealed herself behind the door.(她躲在门背后。)

He picked himself up.(他自己爬起来了。)

Please make yourself at home.(请随便些。)

I cannot make myself understood.(我不能使人了解我的意思。)

He killed himself.(他自杀了。)

He thought little of himself.(他全不为自己着想。)

One should not praise oneself.(不宜自己称赞。)

It is hard to know oneself.(自知是很难的。)

She bought a ticket for herself.(她为她自己买了一张票。)(注意:如果用 for her,就可能误会是为另外一个女人买的票。)

反身代词可以和介词连用而构成成语,例如:

Between ourselves,I am going to resign my post.(我只告诉你,我将辞职。)

I went there all by myself.(= alone)(我独自去那里的。)

I do everything for myself.(我一切都是自己做。)

The light went out of itself.(灯光自灭。)

A thing good in itself may become bad by its use.(本来好的东西也许可以用坏。)

He is beside himself with anger.(他狂怒不已。)

在这种用法中,包括许多惯用的成语,是不宜将 oneself 一字译出来的,例如:

Did you enjoyed yourself yesterday?(昨天玩得痛快吗?)

Seat yourself.(请坐。)

He absented himself from school yesterday.(他昨天没去上学。)

I avail myself of the opportunity of speaking English.(我利用这机会说英语。)

I resolved to revenge myself on him.(我决心对他报仇。)

He made himself sick by overeating himself.(他吃得太多而吃病了。)

Do not overwork yourself.(不要过劳。)

I overslept myself this morning.(我今晨睡得太多了。)

He excused himself for coming late.(他因迟到而道歉。)

Help yourself.(请随便用。)

②加强的用法

这不是用作宾语,而只是加强意味罢了。

I did it myself.(我亲自做的。)

It was the king himself.(那原是国王本人。)

The teacher himself(= Even the teacher)could not have done it.(老师也做不出来。)

I am a Chinese myself.(我就是一个中国人。)

That is his own house.(那是他的家。)

He has a house of his own.(他自己有一栋房子。)