(14)人称代词
人称代词(Personal Pronoun)有所谓人称(Person)、格(Case)、数(Number)、性(Gender)四点变化。人称有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称的区别;格有主格、宾格、所有格三种;数有单数及复数;性有男性、女性、通性和中性,现列表如下:
人称 |
数 性 |
格 |
||
主格 |
宾格 |
所有格 |
||
第一人称 |
单数 复数 |
I we |
me us |
my our |
第二人称 |
单数 复数 |
you you |
you you |
your your |
第三人称 |
单数 男性 女性 中性 复数 通性 |
he she it they |
him her it them |
his her its their |
关于代词的所有格(Possessive Case),如上表中所示有 my、our、their 等词,例如:“I made up my mind to stop their coming. ”句中的 my、their 皆是。
代词的所有格是形容词而物主代词(Possessive Pronoun)才是将名词合并在所有格中的用法,例如:“This watch is mine(= my watch). ”“Your socks are black,but mine(= my socks)are white. ”。这种物主代词,只有第三人称,是单数复数同形的,现列表如下:
人称 |
数 |
主格及宾格 |
第三人称 |
单复同形 |
my + 名词 = mine our + 名词 = ours |
your + 名词 = yours your + 名词 = yours |
||
his + 名词 = his her + 名词 = hers their + 名词 = theirs |
此外又有所谓复合人称代词(Compound Personal Pronoun),又称反身代词(Reflexive Pronoun),其人称、数、格的变化如下表:
人称 |
数 |
主格及宾格 |
所有格 |
第一人称 |
单 复 |
myself ourselves |
my own our own |
第二人称 |
单 复 |
yourself yourselves |
your own your own |
第三人称 |
单 |
himself herself itself |
his own her own its own |
复 |
themselves |
their own |
|
一般通称 |
单 |
oneself |
one’s own |
反身代词主要有两种用法,即①反身的用法和②加强的用法,现分别例解如下:
①反身的用法
这是用作动词的宾语的。主语和宾语为同一体。
She concealed herself behind the door.(她躲在门背后。)
He picked himself up.(他自己爬起来了。)
Please make yourself at home.(请随便些。)
I cannot make myself understood.(我不能使人了解我的意思。)
He killed himself.(他自杀了。)
He thought little of himself.(他全不为自己着想。)
One should not praise oneself.(不宜自己称赞。)
It is hard to know oneself.(自知是很难的。)
She bought a ticket for herself.(她为她自己买了一张票。)(注意:如果用 for her,就可能误会是为另外一个女人买的票。)
反身代词可以和介词连用而构成成语,例如:
Between ourselves,I am going to resign my post.(我只告诉你,我将辞职。)
I went there all by myself.(= alone)(我独自去那里的。)
I do everything for myself.(我一切都是自己做。)
The light went out of itself.(灯光自灭。)
A thing good in itself may become bad by its use.(本来好的东西也许可以用坏。)
He is beside himself with anger.(他狂怒不已。)
在这种用法中,包括许多惯用的成语,是不宜将 oneself 一字译出来的,例如:
Did you enjoyed yourself yesterday?(昨天玩得痛快吗?)
Seat yourself.(请坐。)
He absented himself from school yesterday.(他昨天没去上学。)
I avail myself of the opportunity of speaking English.(我利用这机会说英语。)
I resolved to revenge myself on him.(我决心对他报仇。)
He made himself sick by overeating himself.(他吃得太多而吃病了。)
Do not overwork yourself.(不要过劳。)
I overslept myself this morning.(我今晨睡得太多了。)
He excused himself for coming late.(他因迟到而道歉。)
Help yourself.(请随便用。)
②加强的用法
这不是用作宾语,而只是加强意味罢了。
I did it myself.(我亲自做的。)
It was the king himself.(那原是国王本人。)
The teacher himself(= Even the teacher)could not have done it.(老师也做不出来。)
I am a Chinese myself.(我就是一个中国人。)
That is his own house.(那是他的家。)
He has a house of his own.(他自己有一栋房子。)