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中国矿业大学2015年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析
Part I Reading Comprehension
Passage One
1.【答案】B
【解析】本文的第一段第一句话“The purpose of the American court system is to protect the rights of the people.”就点明了文章的主旨,即美国法院系统的作用是保护人民的权利,因此选择B。
2.【答案】D
【解析】第一段中“in other words”后面说证明一个人是否有罪是法院的责任。在接下来的几段中阐述了从警察逮捕嫌疑人,到法官决定是否让嫌疑人保释,再到陪审团判定是否有罪。据此可知,“in other words”后面应是对以前宣判过程的重述。因此选择D。
3.【答案】D
【解析】本题细节定位于第三段第三、四句话“If the suspect has no previous criminal record and the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run away—for example, because he owns a house and has a family—he can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must put up bail.”。由此可知,如果嫌疑人没有前科,法官认为他不会逃跑——例如他有房产或家庭,嫌疑人就可以被释放。否则,嫌疑人必须支付保释金。据此可知,“he can go free”的意思是嫌疑人在接受审判前不必待在监狱里或支付保释金,因此选择D。
4.【答案】C
【解析】本题细节定位于第三段第三、四句话“the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run away—for example, because he owns a house and has a family—he can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must put up bail.”。由此可知,因为嫌疑人有房产或家庭,法官认为他会回到法院而不会逃跑,嫌疑人就可以被释放。否则,嫌疑人必须支付保释金。据此可知,让嫌疑人支付保释金的目的是确保嫌疑人会回到法院,因此选择C。
Passage Two
5.【答案】B
【解析】本题细节定位于第一段第五句话“Afriend suspected that he was working too fast;but Gibbon reassured him;the whole works, he said, had undergone a long and elaborate process of correction and revision”。由此可知,吉本的一个朋友怀疑他写得太快;但吉本向他保证,所有作品都经过长时间的精心修改和校对才完成,因此选择B。
6.【答案】C
【解析】本题细节定位于第一段第二句话“As soon as he had a house to himself, he started the actual work of writing, and composed and three times rewrote the first chapter, twice…he had achieved”。由此可知,吉本开始写作时,第一章修改了三次,第二、三章重写了两次。再定位于第一段第三句话“We are told that …and that the whole paragraph was complete when he finally regained his chair and resorted to pen and ink.”由此可知,当吉本总算取回了椅子后,整个段落才完成。C项说吉本一口气写完全部段落,与文中的说法不符,因此选择C。
7.【答案】C
【解析】本题细节定位于第一段第八、九句话“His publishers had originally calculated on five hundred copies, but, with almost prophetic insight had increased this number to a thousand. The first edition to appear was immediately sold out, and two further editions were very soon exhausted.”。由此可知,吉本的著作开始出版时,出版商最初计划印500本,但后来将数量增加到1000本。第一版一问世就立刻销售一空,而后增加的两次再版也很快售完。据此可以推知,吉本的著作一共售出3000本,因此选择C。
8.【答案】A
【解析】本题细节定位于第二段第四句话“he has no reason to impose himself, for, in fact, he is always there—not as a figure rising inappropriately between the reader and his subject, but as an influence …”。由此可知,吉本没有理由在读者和他的著作主题之间充当不适宜的角色,而是一直具有影响力。据此可以推知,作者认为,吉本的著作一直影响着他的读者,因此选择A。
Passage Three
9.【答案】C
【解析】纵观全文得知,国家从赌博业中增加税收,因而鼓励人们去赌博。文中以人们购买彩票为例,说明绝大多数的赌徒都是输家。政府对赌博的支持使不劳而获合法化。据此可以推知,文章主要是讲国有赌博业使人们失去金钱,渴望不劳而获,因此选择C。
10.【答案】D
【解析】本题细节定位于第十段第一句话“Grocery money is risked for such relief. Some grocers in Hartford's poorer neighborhoods report that receipts decline during jai alai season.”。由此可知,为了摆脱困苦,赌徒们冒险将购买食品杂货的钱用于赌博。在哈特福德贫困区的杂货商们报告说,在回力球赛季期间他们的收入下降。据此可以推知,人们在回力球赛季赌博输钱,没钱购买食品杂货,因此选择D。
11.【答案】A
【解析】本题细节定位于短语所在段的第二句话“Between 1975 and 1977 there was a 140 percent increase in spending to advertise lotteries—lotteries in which more than 99.9 percent of all players are losers.”。由此可知,从1975年到1977年,用于彩票广告的费用增加了140%;而在所有彩票购买者中,超过99.9%的人是输家。据此可以推知赌徒们很沮丧,因此选择A。
12.【答案】D
【解析】根据文中的用词“moral indifference道德冷漠”“ill-gotten gains不义之财”“cheat and corrupt欺骗和腐化”可以推知,文章的感情基调应是批评,因此选择D。
Passage Four
13.【答案】B
【解析】本文第一段提出了极光这种现象,第二段介绍了极光形成的原因,第三段阐释了极光颜色形成的原理。据此可以推知,文章主要论述的是地球两极极光的外观与形成,因此选择B。
14.【答案】B
【解析】本题细节定位于第二段第三、四句话“Charged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind's magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion. The Earth's magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself”。由此可知,太阳风中的带电粒子快速向地球移动,地球的磁层是一道阻隔太阳风的屏障,并迫使太阳风中的带电粒子绕地球的磁层流动。据此可知,地球的磁层可以阻隔太阳风中的粒子轻易穿过大气层,因此选择B。
15.【答案】B
【解析】本题细节定位于倒数第二段最后一句话“When the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very intense, aurora displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States”。由此可知,当太阳耀斑和极光活动非常强烈时,在远至美国的南部地区可能会出现极光。因此选择B。
16.【答案】A
【解析】本题细节定位于第一段第一、二句话“The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth's atmosphere…were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground-based observations…in a neon sign”。由此可知,在地球南北磁极周围的大气层中出现的极光曾经是神秘的现象。如今,科学家们已经从卫星和地面观测得到的数据了解了这种现象。据此可知,在包括卫星在内的科技进步之前,科学家对极光现象所知甚少,因此选择A。
Passage Five
17.【答案】B
【解析】本文先是以蓝鲸和美国鲥鱼这两种水生物种的不同繁殖模式引出R策略和K策略,然后从物种面临的环境压力方面解释了决定某一物种进化成两种繁殖策略之一的原因。据此可以推知,文章的主题应是不同海洋物种的繁殖策略,因此选择B。
18.【答案】C
【解析】本题细节定位于倒数第二段第四句话“if a blue whale manages to survive its childhood and reach maturity, it will most likely continue to live until it either dies of disease or old age”。由此可知,如果一只蓝鲸能在幼时存活下来并长到成年,它就很有可能继续活下去,直到因疾病或年老而死去。从文中已知蓝鲸的繁殖模式被称为K策略,可知C项的说法与文中相符,因此选择C。
19.【答案】D
【解析】本题细节定位于第四段第二句话“Blue whales invest all of their energy into a small number of offspring, while American shad put their energy into reproducing in huge numbers but with a very low chance of survival into maturity.”和倒数第三段第二、三句话“Those that fit into the pattern of the blue whale are known as K-strategies…it largely has to do with the environmental pressures that the species faces…”。由此可知,蓝鲸将所有精力都投入到养育数量很少的幼鲸上,而美国鲥鱼的精力投入到大量繁殖上,但其后代的生存率却很低。蓝鲸的繁殖模式被称为K策略,美国鲥鱼的繁殖模式被称为R策略。物种的进化策略很大程度上与其面临的环境压力有关。据此可以推知,北极熊很可能发展成R策略这种繁殖模式,因此选择D。
20.【答案】D
【解析】本题细节定位于最后两段。由此可知,蓝鲸在海洋中没有天敌,而且它们巨大的身体还可以储备大量的脂肪,支撑它们度过食物匮乏时期。因此成年蓝鲸的生存率很高。相比而言,美国鲥鱼的生存风险却大得多,当它们长成后还会被一些较大的鱼捕食。此外,它们更容易受到食物短缺的影响。据此可以推知,文章通过比较两类物种的生存率来解释不同的物种进化成为R策略模式或K策略模式的原因,因此选择D。
Part II Use of English
21.【答案】A
【解析】A项say意为“说,讲”,侧重指说的内容,后面宾语多为原话或其他名词、代词、句子等成分;B项speak意为“讲,谈”,通常作不及物动词,侧重说话的能力和方式。当speak做及物动词带宾语时,宾语往往是某种语言的名称;C项talk意为“说话,交谈”,一般做不及物动词用,后面不带宾语;D项claim意为“声称,断言”。由句意可知,“本文要讲述的内容与记忆有关”。根据空格后面的宾语“a few things”可以推知,A项正确。
22.【答案】B
【解析】A项group意为“分类”;B项measure意为“估计,估量”;C项class意为“把……归入某等级”;D项identify意为“认出,识别”。根据第三段的“measuring how much a person remembers”可以推知,这里空格处的句意是“本文要讲述的内容是关于记忆的分类与测量”,因此选择B。
23.【答案】A
【解析】A项distinguish意为“区分,辨别”;B项check意为“检票”;C项display意为“显示”;D项expand意为“扩张”。根据后一句中的“memory is divided into”可以推知,这里空格处的句意是“区分记忆的最常用方法”,因此选择A。
24.【答案】B
【解析】空格处的句意为“通常记忆可分为______类”。根据后面的“sensory memory”、“working memory”和“long-term memory”可以推知,记忆可分为三类,因此选择B。
25.【答案】D
【解析】A项fade over意为“淡出淡入”;B项fade up意为“渐强”;C项fade in意为“淡入”;D项fade away意为“消退;消失,衰弱”。由句意可知,“感觉记忆只能瞬间保存信息,然后就消失了”,因此选择D。
26.【答案】A
【解析】空格处的句意为“这足以给我们的感官留下印象”。impression on意为“(人、事件、经历留下的)印象;感想”,因此选择A。
27.【答案】C
【解析】空格处的句意为“工作记忆可以使我们记住某些事的时间很长”。空格处的单词应能引导定语从句,修饰先行词“working memory”。which可引导定语从句,在从句中做主语,代表物时多用which,因此选择C。
28.【答案】C
【解析】A项as意为“像……一样”;B项when意为“在……时”;C项until意为“到……为止”;D项if意为“如果”。由句意可知,“你的记忆会继续保持这个信息,直到你得到最终的答案”,因此选择C。
29.【答案】D
【解析】A项flexible意为“灵活的”;B项permanent意为“永久的”;C项temptable意为“可诱惑的”;D项temporary意为“短暂的,暂时的”。根据后面提到的“工作记忆很有限”,以及“长期记忆”可以推知,空格处的句意为“它有点像是一种临时存储器”,因此选择D。
30.【答案】C
【解析】空格处的句意为“如果我们的记忆全都是工作记忆,那我们的记忆就太有限了”。本句为if条件句的虚拟语气,表示与现在事实相反的假设。结构为:从句的谓语动词用过去式,系动词用were,主句的谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”,因此选择C。
31.【答案】A
【解析】A项mediate意为“调解,调停,斡旋”;B项drift意为“流动,漂泊,浮现”;C项intervene意为“干涉;介入”;D项prohibit意为“阻止”。由句意可知,“工作记忆在我们对环境的体验方式和长期记忆之间进行调节”,因此选择A。
32.【答案】D
【解析】A项idea意为“想法,观念”;B项thought意为“思想”;C项news意为“新闻,消息”;D项information意为“信息”。根据空格后面的“that is stored被存储”可以推知,D项正确。
33.【答案】C
【解析】A项considerate意为“体谅的,慎重的”;B项indefinite意为“无限期的,不明确的”;C项considerable意为“相当多的,相当大的”;D项universal意为“普通的”。由句意可知,“长期记忆中的信息可以保持相当长的时间”,因此选择C。
34.【答案】B
【解析】由句意可知,“无论是在约一分钟后的记忆测试还是一天、一个星期、甚至几年后的记忆测试,记忆的表现都非常相似”。similar to意为“与……类似”,因此选择B。
35.【答案】A
【解析】A项so意为“因此”;B项concerning意为“关于”;C项since意为“自从……以来,由于”;D项as long as意为“只要”。由句意可知,“因此科学家认为,任何超过一分钟的记忆都是我们长期记忆的一部分”,因此选择A。
36.【答案】D
【解析】A项discarded为“丢弃,解雇”;B项facilitated意为“促进同,使容易”;C项replaced意为“替换”;D项distorted意为“受到曲解的,扭曲”。由句意可知,“我们的记忆会改变,变得有点扭曲”,因此选择D。
37.【答案】B
【解析】A项image意为“影像,映像”;B项meaning意为“意义,含义”;C项picture意为“图片”;D项sentiment意为“感情,情绪”。由句意可知,“我们记忆的作用被设定为保存含义”,因此选择B。
38.【答案】C
【解析】A项sorts意为“类别”;B项kinds意为“某类”;C项ways意为“方法”;D项types意为“类型”。由句意可知,“测量一个人记忆能力的方法主要有三种”,因此选择C。
39.【答案】B
【解析】A项deceptive意为“欺诈的,迷惑的”;B项receptive意为“善于接受的,能容纳的”;C项deceitful意为“不诚实的”;D项empirical意为“凭经验的”。由句意可知,“第二种方法是识别,这种方法更容易接受”,因此选择B。
40.【答案】C
【解析】A项nevertheless意为“然而”;B项furthermore意为“此外,而且”;C项therefore意为“因此”;D项on the contrary意为“相反”。由句意可知,“识别不要求你回想,因而要比需要你记住看见的一切更容易”,因此选择C。
Part III Translation
Section A English-Chinese Translation
Passage One
【译文】研究人员称,一只名为里奥的加州海狮仍记得10年不曾练习的复杂戏法,这让她的训练者十分震惊,或许也震动了动物科学界。当在海狮面前摆出带图案的卡片时,16岁的里奥——处于最佳年龄的人工驯养海狮——毫不犹豫地挑出了配对,作为回报她得到了一条鱼。里奥在六岁时第一次学习识别配对,但在之后的十年里都是在学习新的技能,再未重复这项旧技能。科学家们在动物长期记忆方面的研究很少,许多人认为动物的记忆相对有限。但研究人员表示,里奥惊人的反应可能会促使人们重新思考动物的思维功能。训练里奥的两位科学家之一罗恩·舒斯特曼在接受采访时告诉记者,“这真是令人难以置信。我们以为她会失去某些记忆,因为已经十年没要求她识别这类卡片了。”这项实验也动摇了生物学家对动物长期记忆的认知。舒斯特曼说这个实验结果很重要,因为它帮助证明了动物能够思考,尽管它们不能用语言表达自己的想法;而且可以为人类语言的发展方式提供线索。
Passage Two
【译文】如果我们说的资本主义制度是指一种基于利润动机和市场力量自由发挥的经济组织方法,那我们就可以确信它将在21世纪继续存在。就像需要吃饭或睡觉,竞争、拥有和获取财富的动力是人类生存的基本事实,不会被消除。
一旦你认同市场和价格的竞争是经济生活的主要驱动力,那么第二个经验教训就是,尽管这种竞争是不可避免的,但这种机制还不足以帮助建立有序社会。从20世纪70年代末到90年代初,完全自由的资本主义有一个短暂、强大的鼎盛时期,但是现在已经很清楚,那个阶段结束了。如果对资本主义制度的否定已经彻底失败,那种市场足以自我调控的想法也是如此——虽然它的失败不太引人注目。
至少在下一个15年,我不希望看到另一场像20世纪70年代那样规模的经济危机。当它最终来临时,很可能会来自某个完全意想不到的方向。失业率将继续下降;而当人们不再担心失去工作时,一定程度的自满就会悄然而至,因而他们的价值观也会改变。
具有讽刺意味的是,很可能正是这一过程导致下一场经济危机——但这个过程还会持续很长时间。
Section B Chinese-English Translation
【译文】Gold, silver and jade wares are the generic term, which usually refers to baldric or ornamental arts and crafts polished and carved out of metal materials like gold and silver and jade.
The manufacture and use of gold and silver ware has already had a history of more than 3000 years in our country. Gold ware has appeared while bronze culture was well-known in the world in the Shang dynasty. According to cultural relics handed down from ancient times, there are many categories in the gold and silver ware that has been applied in many fields. Gold and silver wares can be seen anywhere, ranging from gold and silver jewellery to Buddhist tower and worshipping utensils. Gold and silver wares are merely used as baldric that can be collected in average family, and they are further used as diet and life appliances in an official family. But the use of gold and silver wares in the palace involves all respects, such as Buddhist ceremony, diet and daily life, crown clothing and coach, furnishings and decoration, etc., from which we can imagine that the influence of gold and silver wares has been reflected profoundly in our traditional culture and daily life.
Jadeware refers to the work of art manually carved and polished out of jade and used for wearing and ornamentation or furnishings and appreciation. Most of the early jades were used as ritual vessel, and the number of baldric is very small. In terms of ancient jades unearthed in the Liangzhu and Hongshan cultural relics, apart from being used as ritual vessels in sacrificial and funerary activities, jadeware in the Neolithic period also had the mysterious meaning of protecting against evil spirits, as well as a symbol of power, wealth, and dignity. Furthermore, the use of jade was limited to royalty and nobility. After the Song Dynasty, the use of jade article was more and more popular, most of jade wares or jade ornaments could be seen in common family. Jade is endowed with a special meaning in the traditional Chinese culture, and China has also won a good reputation of“country of jade”.
Part IV Writing
Shopping Overseas, a Blessing or Disaster?
The past 10 years has witnessed that more and more Chinese go abroad for the purpose of shopping. Official statistics show it has become a phenomenon in big inland cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, and this is not only happening in the higher-paid crowd. The trend is being seen amongst white collar workers as well.
There are several factors contributing to the rapid growth in purchase volume abroad. First of all, even though the world has experienced a serious economic decline, China has enjoyed a steady growth in the economy, leading to people's income increasing continuously. In addition, relatively cheap prices are the main reason, especially when the Chinese custom tax doubles the product's retail price. Although Chinese retailers are internationally ordering the newest products to meet with the customer's demands, custom tax continues to keep prices high. Last but not least, many overseas products are superior in quality by contrast with some domestic ones, which is a fundamental reason why shopping abroad is becoming a national phenomenon amongst middle-class working people.
In my opinion, one thing is certain that shopping in itself is neither good nor bad.The most important thing is how we can attract more foreigners to buy our Chinese domestic products, which is to achieve a win-win result between China and foreign countries.