第五节 英语四大特殊结构——英语学习特色部分

英语中四种特殊的句型结构主要指比较结构、倒装结构、强调结构和平行结构，也是专业硕士联考中常考和常用的句型，所以考生应掌握其意义和用法。

一、比较结构

英语中比较结构使用于形容词和副词，因为只有形容词和副词具有原级、比较级和最高级。考试中主要测试比较结构和特殊用法。

比较结构具体考点如下。

考点一：原级比较一般用as...as; not as...as; the same...as。

特殊结构：A is to B what/as X is Y; A+倍数或几分之几as+adj．/adv．+as+B．

The work is not as difficult as you think.

Air is to us as water is to fish．我们与空气的关系就像鱼和水的关系。

This book is twice as thick as that one.

考点二：比较级常用结构A+比较级+than+B

特殊结构：the more...the more（越……越……）; more and more（越来越）

This question is less difficult than that question.（比较对象为彼此独立的人或事物）

Iron is more useful than any other metal.（比较对象具有所属关系，含有最高级含义）

The city is becoming more and more beautiful.

考点三：以拉丁文-ior结尾的含有比较意义的形容词后接to而不是than。这些词是：

superior, inferior, senior, junior, major, minor, anterior, prior（在……之前），

posterior（在……之后）

He is three years senior to me.

This type of computer is superior to that type.

考点四：最高级用于三者以上的事物之间的比较，所以比较的范围自然是少不了。一般表示地方用介词in；表示所属关系和人物比较或类别比较时，用介词of（即the+最高级+in/of...）。

The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the world.

The youngest member of the family is most successful.

Of all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used.

考点五：在more...than结构中，than有时可看作关系代词，相当于than what...

There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.（than=than what...）人们不应该像今天这样担心害怕患上癌症。

There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of.（than=than what...）天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。

考点六：英语中有一小部分表示绝对意义的形容词没有比较级和最高级。如：

dead, deaf, empty, total, whole, perfect, complete, right, wrong, equal, daily false, final absolute, alone, round, pregnant, square, supreme, unique, straight, eternal, unanimous

考点七：几组由“more than; more...than”和“no/not+比较级”等构成的惯用句式及其含义。

more than其含义为“不仅是，非常，十分”等，用法和意义较多

more...than其含义可以是“与其说……不如说，不是……而是”

What we are doing today is more than donating some money.

今天我们所做的不只是捐一些钱。

Their action was more than justified．他们的行动是完全有理由的。

He is more brave than wise．他有勇无谋。

The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammer book.

这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书，不如说是一本词典。

no more than强调少，意为“只有，不过，仅仅”

not more than客观叙述，意为“不超过”

He has no more than five dollars on him.

他身上仅有5美元。（强调少）

He has not more than five dollars on him.

他身上带的钱不超过5美元。（强调数额少于5美元）

no more...than含有消极否定的意思，可译为“A与B都不……，不……也不”

not more...than含有积极、肯定的意思，表示程度上的差异。

He is no more diligent than you.

他不勤奋，你也不勤奋。（两人都不勤奋）

He is not more diligent than you.

他并不比你更勤奋。（两人都勤奋，但你更勤奋）

no less than=as much as意为“竟有……之多，多达”强调多

not less than意为“不少于，至少”，客观地描述

no less...than前后均为肯定，含有惊奇的感情色彩。可译为“是……是，正是，和……一样，多达，应有……之多”

His son has read no less than 50 English books.

他的儿子竟然读了50多本英文书。（强调多）

His son has read not less than 50 English books.

他的儿子读了不少于50本英文书。（不强调多或少）

The middle-aged man was no less a person than the new minister.

这位中年人正是新来的部长。

Her voice is no less sweet than it used to be.

她的歌声和以前一样甜美。

考点八：常见的各种比较结构的表达法

1．倍数+N+of，其中N表示比较的方面，如：weight, size, age....

This room is three times the size of that one.

2．倍数+ that/those of=as much as...

His weight is three times that of mine.

3．倍数+as+adj．+as

This room is three times as large as that one.（三倍大）

4．倍数+more than

This room is three times larger than that one.（大两倍）

比较结构专项训练

1．As I was just getting familiar with this job, I had________to ask my boss.

A．many

B．most

C．more

D．much

2．The ability to store knowledge makes computers different from every other machine________invented.

A．ever

B．thus

C．yet

D．as

3．Apart from caring for her children, she has to take on such heavy________housework as carrying water.

A．time-consumed

B．timely-consumed

C．time-consuming

D．timely-consuming

4．The little man was________one meter fifty high.

A．almost more than

B．hardly more than

C．nearly more than

D．as much as

5．If tap water were as dangerous as some people think,________would be getting sick.

A．a lot of more us

B．more a lot of us

C．a lot of us more

D．a lot more of us

6．Americans eat________as they actually need every day.

A．twice as much protein

B．twice protein as much twice

C．twice protein as much

D．protein as twice much

7．There are few electronic applications________to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots.

A．likely

B．more likely

C．most likely

D．much likely

8．The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness________by his lack of talent.

A．than

B．more than

C．as

D．so much as

9．In no country________Britain, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.

A．better than

B．more than

C．other than

D．rather than

10．The boy spent as much time watching TV as he________studying.

A．does

B．had

C．was

D．did

11．Generally speaking, people should have________as their desires will allow.

A．much education as

B．as much education

C．as less education

D．little education

12．Students at colleges in large cities ran into________debts because it was easier for them to find part-time jobs than those in rural areas.

A．few

B．fewer

C．little

D．less

13．The risk the financial commission is taking is________.

A．greater than the bank

B．as greater as the bank

C．greater than the bank's

D．as greater than the bank's

14．There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than________in the public mind today.

A．exists

B．exist

C．existing

D．existed

15．After having gone________far, George did not want to turn back.

A．enough

B．much

C．such

D．that

16．There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,________they can limit how much water you drink.

A．much more than

B．no more than

C．no less than

D．any more than

17．The heart is________intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.

A．not so

B．not much

C．much more

D．no more

18．Scientists generally agree that the Earth's climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years________it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.

A．as long as

B．as much as

C．as soon as

D．as well as

19．We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style________in a personal one.

A．rather than

B．other than

C．better than

D．less than

20．Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often________or better than an actual performance.

A．as good as

B．as good

C．good

D．good as

21．Andrew, my father's younger brother, will not be at the picnic,________to the family's disappointment.

A．much

B．more

C．too much

D．much more

22．The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates________a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

A．and

B．as

C．but

D．or

23．Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills________people each year than automobile accidents.

A．seven more times

B．seven times more

C．over seven times

D．seven times

24．The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don't have small children and get along________to spend most of their time together.

A．so well

B．too well

C．well as

D．well enough

25．The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is________an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.

A．everything except

B．anything but

C．no less than

D．nothing more than

比较结构专项训练答案及详解：

1．空格处应为动词had的宾语，A、B两项不能充当宾语；由于句子无比较含义，故C项亦应排除。只有D项正确。题意：由于我刚刚熟悉这份工作，还有许多事情要请教老板。

2．A项ever表示“从前有过”，符合句意。题意：计算机具有储存知识的能力，使得它区别于从前发明的任何机器。

3．time-consuming是一个复合形容词，为“名词+现在分词”，意为“耗时的”。题意：除了照顾孩子，她还得承担挑水等很费时间的家务活。

4．本题考查程度副词和比较级的用法。从否定的角度表示小个子的身高。B项hardly more than与little man意义相符，为正确答案。题意：这小个子男人身高不到1.5米。

5．a lot通常置于它所修饰的词之前表示程度。句中more由a lot修饰，故D为正确答案。题意：如果自来水像某些人想象的那么危险，我们当中会有更多的人得病。

6．表示倍数的词修饰as much...as这类同级比较的结构时，应放在as much...as之前，所以A项正确。题意：美国人每天摄入的蛋白质是其实际需要量的两倍。

7．因为句中的than，涉及few electronic applications与robots之间的比较，所以应该用比较级，四个选项中唯有B项是比较级。题意：和机器人相比，几乎没有其他电子设备更能引起人们对未来就业机会的忧虑。

8．根据句子结构，首先可以排除A、C两项，因为它们构不成比较级的正确形式。根据题意，作者想强调的是his lack of talent（缺乏才能），而且句中已有否定词not，因此应选D, not...so much A as B意为“与其说A不如说B”，此结构强调后者。题意：这个号手演奏的声音无疑太吵，但我更不能容忍的是他演奏水平的低下。

9．四个选项的意义分别是：A．better than不是固定词组；B．more than极其，非常；C．other than除了，与except意义相当；D．rather than而不。根据题意应选C。题意：据说，除了英国没有哪个国家的人能在一天内经历4个季节。

10．本题是一个比较句型，在比较状语从句中的可用助动词代替与主语相同的动词，以避免重复。故可用did代替spent。所以D项是正确答案。题意：这个男孩花在看电视上的时间和花在学习上的时间一样多。

11．本题考查as...as连接的同级比较结构。A词序错误；C中less是形容词比较级，其后应接than而不能与as同时连用；正确答案为B。题意：一般来说，人们应该按照他们自己的愿望接受尽可能多的教育。

12．根据句中的than可以确定空格处应填入比较级。C、D两项只能用来修饰不可数名词，应首先排除；A项（few）为形容词原级；B项（fewer）为正确答案。题意：大城市里就读的大学生负债较少，因为他们比乡村地区就读的大学生更容易找到兼职工作。

13．根据题意，句中比较对象是“the risk the financial commission is taking”和“the bank's（risk）”，后者risk省略。故正确答案为C。题意：财政委员会冒的风险要比银行冒的风险大。

14．本题测试than后定语从句的用法。than在此句中为连词，因此，than前后的句子结构应该一致。整个句子应为There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than there exists anxiety in the public today．但是，当从句中出现与主句相同的内容时，则相同部分往往省略。故正确答案为A。题意：人们不应该像今天这样担心，害怕患上癌症。

15．本题空格处应填入far的修饰语。通常可说far enough，但不说enough far; much通常不修饰far; such不能修饰形容词或副词；that在这里是副词，等于so，为正确答案D。题意：走了那么远后，乔治不想回去了。

16．句中四个选项的意思分别为：A．比……多得多；B．和……一样不，仅仅；C．多达；D．用于not/no...any more than。根据前一句中已有否定词no，可以确定D为正确答案。题意：正如他们无权限制人们喝多少水一样，他们也没有理由限制人们摄入多少维生素。

17．此题测试比较句型的用法。根据than可以判断，形容词intelligent要用比较级。C项结构正确，但不符合题意；no more...than“同……一样不”, no more后可用名词、形容词。故正确答案为D。题意：心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都受大脑的控制。

18．本题四个选项的意思分别为：A．只要；B．和……一样，表示程度；C．一……就；D．和……一样好，和，除了。根据题意，应选B。题意：科学家们普遍同意，在今后的50年到100年里，地球的气候将会变暖，其程度与冰河时期以来的20000年中变暖的程度相同。

19．本题四个选项的意思分别为：A．而不是，宁愿；rather than一般由三种含义，1．单纯表示否定，相当于and not，它可以连接任何相同的结构；2．表示两种说法的正确程度，一般译为“与其说，不如说”;3．表示主观愿望，既可连用，也可分开。B．除……之外；C．比……好；D．比……少。根据题意，应选A。题意：我们学过书写商业信件要用正式文体，而不用私人信件的写法。

20．句中as good as和better than并列，as...as是同等比较结构。故正确答案为A。题意：你喜欢听唱片吗？我发现听唱片常常跟实际演出一样好，甚至还好于实际演出。

21．根据句子结构，空格处应填入介词短语to the family's disappointment的修饰语，只能用程度副词much。故正确答案为A。题意：令大家大为失望的是，我父亲的弟弟安德鲁将不参加野餐。

22．本题考查固定搭配not so much...as...与其说是……，不如说是……。故正确答案为B。题意：人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善而使死亡率下降。

23．根据句中的than可以确定空格处应填入比较级。A．还有七次；B．高七倍。故正确答案为B。题意：吸烟对个人健康危害严重，每年吸烟造成的死亡人数比机动车事故的死亡人数多七倍。

24．句中涉及以下几种结构：so+adj．/adv．as to do太……以至于……; too+adj．/adv．to do太……以至于……; adj．/adv．enough to do足以……。下列两种情况是对的：...get along so well as to..., ...get along enough to...。A．缺少as; B．含义相反；C．前面缺少so; D为正确答案。题意：这种解决办法只适用于自谋职业、没有太小的孩子，且大部分时间能在一起和睦相处的夫妇。

25．本题四个选项的意思分别为：A．除……以外的所有东西；B．除……以外的任何东西，并不，决不；C．同……一样多；D．只不过是。根据题意，应选D。题意：有个别电视观众始终认为，这些人只不过是庞杂的电视观众中使用匿名、毫无统计意义的一部分。

二、倒装结构

倒装结构也是英语考试中的常考语法现象，该结构分为全部倒装和部分倒装。所谓全部倒装是指整个谓语部分放在主语前面；而部分倒装是指谓语的一部分（情态动词或助动词）放在主语之前。

考点一：表示地点、方向和时间的副词或者介词放在句首时，句子要全部倒装。这些词有：here, there, up, down, out, away, now, then。

There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat．突然出现一阵风将他的帽子吹走了。

In each room are ten students．每个房间里有十个学生。

考点二：当含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时，要用部分倒装。这类词包括：not, never, neither, seldom, little, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, no longer, not until, at no time, by no means, on no account, in no case, under no circumstances, on no account, not only...but also...。

Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you so much.

Not until he came back did I leave.（注意：只能是主句的主谓倒装）

On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees.

无论怎样，经理绝不会容忍员工们的粗鲁行为。

考点三：as+adj．/adv．以及“to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point.”放在句首，表示程度，句子要倒装。

To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.

他的身体每况愈下，以至于有人强迫他退休。

So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.

他工作太认真了，以至于常常忘了吃饭和睡觉。

考点四：虚拟语气中，省去if后，从句需要倒装。

Had he not been promoted, he never have remained with the company.

（=If he had not been promoted,...）要不是得到晋升，他绝不会留在公司里。

Should you change your mind, no one would blame you．要是你改变主意，就不会有人责备你。

Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday.

Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have done such a thing.

本来为If I had known what...要是我知道是怎么一回事，我也就不会作出这样的事了。

考点五：“only+状语”放在句首时，句子需要倒装。

Only by working hard can you achieve your goal．只有努力工作才能实现你的目标。

Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully and effectively.

考点六：由as或though引导的让步状语从句有时也用倒装句，即把表语或部分谓语提前。

Patient though/as he was, he was unwilling to wait three hours.

他虽有耐心，但也不愿意等三个小时。

Child as/though he was, he had a good command of English.

他虽然是个孩子，但已经熟知英语。

Try as he might, he couldn't open the box．不管他想什么办法，都没法打开那个箱子。

The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

考点七：由be引起的倒装句表示让步，并带有虚拟语气的结构特点，即be用原形。

（be it selling...=whether in may be selling...）

每天的生意，无论是售货还是运货，都进行得很顺利。

Be it so humble, there is no place like home.

（be it so humble=However humble it may be, ...）

金窝银窝，不如自己的草窝。

三、强调结构

英语中表示强调的结构是“It is（was）+被强调的部分+that（who）+句子的其他部分”，除了谓语部分外，其余的可以用于强调句。需要注意的是当强调的部分是时间状语或地点状语时，只能用that而不用when或where；当被强调的部分是人时，可以用who；当强调主语时要注意主语和谓语的一致。

It is my uncle that/who is coming to visit us．即将拜访我们的就是我的叔叔。

It was at midnight that he came back home.

It was in the park that the two old friends ran into each other．他们两个老朋友就是在公园里碰到的。

It's not you who are in trouble; but it's I who am in trouble.

It was not until the accident happened that I became aware of my own foolishness.

直到事故发生了我才意识到自己的愚蠢。

倒装、强调结构专项训练

1．Only under special circumstances________to take make-up tests.

A．are freshmen permitted

B．freshmen are permitted

C．permitted are freshmen

D．are permitted freshmen

2．We have been told that under no circumstances the________telephone in the office for personal affairs.

A．did we use

B．may we use

C．we could use

D．we may use

3．Not until the game had begun________at the sports ground.

A．had he arrived

B．would he have arrived

C．did he arrive

D．should he have arrived

4．________, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.

A．Although much he likes her

B．Much although he likes her

C．As he likes her much

D．Much as he likes her

5．The organization had broken no rules, but________had it acted responsibly.

A．neither

B．so

C．either

D．both

6．We do not even know his name;________about his character.

A．less we know

B．less know we

C．less do we know

D．less we do know

7．________to speak when the audience interrupted him.

A．Hardly had he begun

B．No sooner had he begun

C．Not until he began

D．Scarcely did he begin

8．So involved with their computers________that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

A．became the children

B．become the children

C．had the children become

D．do the children become

9．It was the training that he had as a young man________made him such a good engineer.

A．has

B．later

C．which

D．that

10．The truth is that it is only by studying history________we can learn what to expect in the future.

A．which

B．and then

C．that

D．by which

倒装、强调结构专项训练答案及详解：

1．“only+状语”放在句首时，句子需要倒装。句中Only+ under special circumstances位于句首，须用倒装语序，A项正确。题意：只有在特殊情况下，大一学生才允许补考。

2．本句中的under no circumstances位于宾语从句的句首，空格处应用部分倒装的形式，故可排除C、D两项。同时，主句与从句应在时态上保持一致，应选B。题意：有人告诉我们，无论什么情况，都不可用办公室的电话谈私事。

3．本题因not until在句首用倒装语序。因为从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前，所以从句用了过去完成时，主句要用过去时，C为正确答案。题意：直到比赛开始，他才到达运动场。

4．本题考查让步状语从句。以although, though引导的让步从句为了强调通常用倒装语序，其形式为“形容词/副词+as+主语……”。故正确答案为D。题意：尽管他非常喜欢她，但有时对她也很恼火。

5．本题中后一个分句为倒装句，因此首先可排除C和D。前一个分句中有否定词no，所以应选A。题意：该机构并未违规，但也没有很负责任地操作。

6．本题四个选项都以less开头，因此需用倒装，所以首先可以排除A和D; B把动词直接放在主语前面为错误结构，应加上助动词，并放在主语前面。故C为正确答案。题意：我们甚至连他的名字都不知道，更别说他的性格了。

7．本题涉及固定搭配：hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than...，在这两个结构中，主句的时态通常为过去完成时，从句的时态为一般过去时。故正确答案为A。题意：他刚一开始讲话，听众就把他打断了。

8．本句包括一个so...that...结构，so在句首时，要用倒装句。C时态不对。正确答案为D。题意：计算机夏令营的孩子们如此埋头在计算机中，以至于负责人不得不经常强迫他们停下来活动活动，做做游戏。

9．本题考查强调句型“it is/was...that...”。句子强调的部分是the training that he had as a young man，后面填入that。题意：正是他年轻时所受的训练使他成为一位如此出色的工程师。

10．本题考查强调句型“it is/was...that”。被强调的部分是状语“by studying history”, C为正确答案。题意：事实上，我们只有通过研究历史，才能学会预见未来。

四、平行结构及其他

考点一：平行结构。平行结构是专业硕士联考中必考的语法点。其基本要求有两点：一是平行结构的搭配必须正确；二是平行结构前后连接部分必须一致，不能一会儿是不定式，一会儿是动名词。平行结构概括如下：

e. g. I value a friend who is sweet, kind, and loving.

To know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing.

知道什么是好的与做正确的事是两码事。

He is well-known not only in China but also in many other countries.

他无论是在中国还是在其他国家都声名显赫。

It is easier to spend money than to make money.

考点二：情态动词+完成式表示对过去的推测。注意肯定和否定的不同含义。

The money has disappeared. Who could have taken it？钱没了，会是谁拿了？

You screamed in your sleep last night. You must have had a terrible dream.

你昨天晚上睡觉大喊大叫，你一定是在做噩梦。

You should have phoned me last night.

你昨晚应该给我打个电话。（实际没有打，含有责备之意）

She shouldn't have eaten those mushrooms yesterday. Mushrooms don't agree with you.

她昨天本来不应该吃那些蘑菇，她不能吃蘑菇。

The restaurant was nearly empty. We needn't have booked a table.

平行结构及其他部分专项训练

1．Fifty years ago, wealthy people liked hunting wild animals for fun________sightseeing.

A．rather than to go

B．other than going

C．more than going

D．than to go

2．The project requires more labor than________because it is extremely difficult.

A．has been put in

B．have been put in

C．being put in

D．to be put in

3．These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than________in traditional media.

A．exist

B．exists

C．existing

D．to exist

4．You________her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.

A．needn't have seen

B．must have seen

C．might have seen

D．can't have seen

5．It is better to die on one's feet than________.

A．living on one's knees

B．live on one's knees

C．on one's knees

D．to live on one's knees

6．Carey didn't go to the party last night because she________the baby for her sister until 9:30.

A．must have looked after

B．would have to look after

C．had to look after

D．should have looked after

7．My pain________apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”

A．must be

B．had been

C．must have been

D．had to be

8．As it turned out to be a small house party, we________so formally.

A．needn't dress up

B．did not need have dressed up

C．did not need dress up

D．needn't have dressed up

9．Dress warmly,________you'll catch cold.

A．on the contrary

B．or rather

C．or else

D．in no way

10．It is often more difficult to find trained men than________for a research project.

A．get financial support

B．to get financial support

C．getting financial support

D．to getting financial support

11．Tom and Jack have arrived, but________in the class aren't here yet.

A．other

B．others

C．the others

D．the other

12．Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to________it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.

A．as

B．which

C．that

D．what

13．Talk to anyone in the drug industry,________you'll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.

A．or

B．and

C．for

D．so

14．It is reported that________adopted children want to know who their natural parents are.

A．the most

B．most of

C．most

D．the most of

15．Radio, television and press________of conveying news and information.

A．are the most three common means

B．are the most common three means

C．are the three most common means

D．are three the most common means

平行结构及其他部分专项训练答案及详解：

1．句中两个比较对象在形式上应前后一致，故应选C．more than going。题意：50年前，比起旅游观光，有钱的人更喜欢以狩猎作为娱乐。

2．句中than后省略了the labor that，因此应选A。即：The project requires more labor than the labor that has been put in．也有人把than理解为关系代词。题意：该项工程极其困难，因此，需要投入比已付出的还要多的劳动。

3．句中than后省略了the restrictions that，因此应选A。完整的句子应为：These proposals sought to place greater restrictions...than the restrictions that exist in traditional media．题意：这些提议的目的是为了限制数码信息的使用和复制，其程度要超过对传统媒体的限制。

4．本题四个选项均为情态动词+完成时。A．needn't have done表示不必做某事，而实际上已经做了。B项和C项是对发生在过去的事情的一种判断，只是程度不同，因为是肯定形式，也被排除。can't have done是must have done的否定形式，所以仅D符合题意。题意：上周五你不可能在办公室看见她，她已经离城两个星期了。

5．在平行结构中，than前后需用同样的结构。故正确答案为D。题意：宁可站着死，绝不跪着生。

6．本句的主句是过去时态，原因状语也应用过去时态。故正确答案为C。题意：凯丽昨晚没有去参加舞会，因为一直到九点半之前她都得给她的姐姐看孩子。

7．根据连词for可以确定前面的句子应表示推测。must be表示对现在的推测；must have been表示对过去的推测。根据句子的时态应选C。题意：当我走入房间的那个时候，我的疼痛想必很明显，因为我遇到的第一个人同情地问我：“你感觉好吗？”

8．本题考查动词need的用法。A表示“没有必要做某事”，但是不能用来表示已经发生的事情；B、C本身结构错误，need作情态动词构成疑问句或否定句时，不用助动词，若作行为动词，后面应接to do；故正确答案为D。题意：原来那不过是一个小小的家庭聚会，我们本没有必要穿戴得如此正式。

9．本题考查并列连词的用法。A．相反地；B．确切地说；C．否则，要不然（=otherwise）; D．绝不，根本不（不起连接或转折的作用）。根据题意，应选C。题意：穿暖和一点儿，要不你会感冒的。

10．本题中than前面的结构为不定式，后面也要接一个不定式短语，只有B正确。题意：为一个研究项目寻找训练有素的人员往往比搞到资金更加困难。

11．本题选项A．other只能做限定词，后面必须接名词；B．others表示泛指，“其他的……，另外的……”;C．the others表示特指，“剩下其余的……”;D．the other表示两个中的另一个。根据题意，C为正确答案。题意：汤姆和杰克已经到了，但班上其他人还没到。

12．本题考查惯用句型so...that...。all but意为“几乎，差不多”，相当于nearly, almost。答案为C。题意：人们花费太多的时间听别人讲话以及被动地与别人谈话，而几乎丧失了自己说话的欲望和说话的能力。正是在这样的社会里，人们之间的对话越来越少。

13．本题测试连词and的特殊用法，即：祈使句+and+陈述句（将来时），意为“那么，如此一来”，祈使句相当于条件从句。故正确答案为B。题意：与药业人士一谈，你很快就会发现遗传学是自青霉素发现以来轰动医药研究的最大事件。

14．本题A项用于最高级；B项后面的名词前必须有the, my, these等表示范围的限定词，如：Most of the people are aware of it; C项意为“大多数；大部分”直接修饰名词，故答案为C。类似用法的不定代词有：all, each, both, either, neither, one, few, many, some, any等。D项表示“大多数；大部分”时，most前面不能加the。题意：据报道，大多数被收养的孩子都想知道他们的生身父母是谁。

15．本题涉及词序问题，首先排除D项，因为定冠词必须在所有修饰词的最前面，其次是数词，由此排除A、B两项，仅余C项。名词前如果出现多个修饰语时，排序一般为：限定词—观点形容词—描绘形容词—大小尺寸—形状—新旧—颜色—国籍、出处—质地材料—中心名词。题意：广播、电视和新闻出版是新闻和信息传播的三种最常见的手段。