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they decide to take the wheat belonging to the Jacobin monks， and， protected by the troops， to sell it to the people at a third below its value. At Nantes， where the town hall is attacked， they are forced to lower the price of bread one sou per pound. At Angoulême， to avoid a recourse to arms， they request the Comte d'Artois to renounce his dues on flour for two months， reduce the price of bread， and compensate the bakers. At Cette they are so maltreated they let everything take its course； the people sack their dwellings and get the upper hand； they announce by sound of trumpet that all their demands are granted. On other occasions， the mob dispenses with their services and acts for itself. If there happens to be no grain on the market-place， the people go after it wherever they can find it -- to proprietors and farmers who are unable to bring it for fear of pillage； to convents， which by royal edict are obliged always to have one year's crop in store； to granaries where the Government keeps its supplies； and to convoys which are dispatched by the intendants to the relief of famished towns. Each for himself -- so much the worse for his neighbor. The inhabitants of Fougères beat and drive out those who come from Ernée to buy in their market；a similar violence is shown at Vitré to the in-habitants of Maine.[19] At Sainte-Léonard the people stop the grain started for Limoges； at Bost that intended for Aurillac； at Saint-Didier that ordered for Moulins； and at Tournus that dispatched to Macon. In vain are escorts added to the convoys； troops of men and women， armed with hatchets and guns， put themselves in ambush in the woods along the road， and seize the horses by their bridles； the saber has to be used to secure any advance. In vain are arguments and kind words offered， "and in vain even is wheat offered for money； they refuse， shouting out that the convoy shall not go on." They have taken a stubborn stand， their resolution being that of a bull planted in the middle of the road and lowering his horns. Since the wheat is in the district， it is theirs； whoever carries it off or withholds it is a robber. This fixed idea cannot be driven out of their minds. At Chant-nay， near Mans，[20] they prevent a miller from carrying that which he had just bought to his mill. At Montdragon， in Languedoc， they stone a dealer in the act of sending his last wagon load elsewhere. At Thiers， workmen go in force to gather wheat in the fields； a proprietor with whom some is found is nearly killed； they drink wine in the cellars， and leave the taps running. At Nevers， the bakers not having put bread on their counters for four days， the mob force the granaries of private persons， of dealers and religious communities. "The frightened corn-dealers part with their grain at any price； most of it is stolen in the face of the guards，" and， in the tumult of these searches of homes， a number of houses are sacked. -- In these days woe to all who are concerned in the acquisition， commerce， and manipulation of grain！ Popular imagination requires living beings to who it may impute its misfortunes， and on whom it may gratify its resentments. To it， all such persons are monopolists， and， at any rate， public enemies. Near Angers the Benedictine establishment is invaded， and its fields and woods are devastated.[21] At Amiens "the people are arranging to pillage and perhaps burn the houses of two merchants， who have built labor-saving mills." Restrained by the soldiers， they confine themselves to breaking windows； but other "groups come to destroy or plunder the houses of two or three persons whom they suspect of being monopolists." At Nantes， a sieur Geslin， being deputized by the people to inspect a house， and finding no wheat， a shout is set up that he is a receiver， an accomplice！ The crowd rush at him， and he is wounded and almost cut in pieces. -- It is very evident that there is no more security in France； property， even life， is in danger. The primary possession， food， is violated in hundreds of places， and is everywhere menaced and precarious. The local officials everywhere call for aid， declare the constabulary incompetent， and demand regular troops.

And mark how public authority， everywhere inadequate， disorganized， and tottering， finds stirred up against it not only the blind madness of hunger， but， in addition， the evil instincts which profit by every disorder and the inveterate lusts which every political commotion frees from restraint.

IV.

Intervention of ruffians and vagabonds.

We have seen how numerous the smugglers， dealers in contraband salt， poachers， vagabonds， beggars， and escaped convicts[22] have become， and how a year of famine increases the number. All are so many recruits for the mobs， and whether in a disturbance or by means of a disturbance each one of them fills his pouch. Around Caux，[23] even up to the environs of Rouen， at Roncherolles， Quévrevilly， Préaux， Saint-Jacques， and in the entire surrounding neighborhood bands of armed bandits force their way into the houses， particularly the parsonages， and lay their hands on whatever they please. To the south of Chartres "three or four hundred woodcutters， from the forests of Bellème， chop away everything that opposes them， and force grain to be given up to them at their own price." In the vicinity of étampes， fifteen bandits enter the farmhouses at night and put the farmer to ransom， threatening him with a conflagration.