第197章

"Would to God，" says a Normandy village，[74] "the monarch might take into his own hands the defense of the miserable citizen pelted and oppressed by clerks， seigniors， justiciary and clergy！""Sire，" writes a village in Champagne，[75] "the only message to us on your part is a demand for money. We were led to believe that this might cease， but every year the demand comes for more. We do not hold you responsible for this because we love you， but those whom you employ， who better know how to manage their own affairs than yours. We believed that you were deceived by them and we， in our chagrin， said to ourselves， If our good king only knew of this！ . . . We are crushed down with every species of taxation； thus far we have given you a part of our bread， and， should this continue， we shall be in want. . . .

Could you see the miserable tenements in which we live， the poor food we eat， you would feel for us； this would prove to you better than words that we can support this no longer and that it must be lessened.

. . . That which grieves us is that those who possess the most， pay the least. We pay the tailles and for our implements， while the ecclesiastics and nobles who own the best land pay nothing. Why do the rich pay the least and the poor the most？ Should not each pay according to his ability？ Sire， we entreat that things may be so arranged， for that is just. . . . Did we dare， we should undertake to plant the slopes with vines； but we are so persecuted by the clerks of the excise we would rather pull up those already planted； the wine that we could make would all go to them， scarcely any of it remaining for ourselves. These exactions are a great scourge and， to escape them， we would rather let the ground lie waste. . . . Relieve us of all these extortions and of the excisemen； we are great sufferers through all these devices； now is the time to change them； never shall we be happy as long as these last. We entreat all this of you， Sire， along with others of your subjects as wearied as ourselves. . . . We would entreat yet more but you cannot do all at one time."Imposts and privileges， in the really popular registers， are the two enemies against which complaints everywhere arise[76].

"We are overwhelmed by demands for subsidies， . . . we are burdened with taxes beyond our strength， . . . we do not feel able to support any more， we perish， overpowered by the sacrifices demanded of us.

Labor is taxed while indolence is exempt. . . . Feudalism is the most disastrous of abuses， the evils it causes surpassing those of hail and lightning. . . . Subsistence is impossible if three-quarters of the crops are to be taken for field-rents， terrage， etc. . . . The proprietor has a fourth part， the décimateur a twelfth， the harvester a twelfth， taxation a tenth， not counting the depredations of vast quantities of game which devour the growing crops： nothing is left for the poor cultivator but pain and sorrow."Why should the Third-Estate alone pay for roads on which the nobles and the clergy drive in their carriages？ Why are the poor alone subject to militia draft？ Why does "the subdelegate cause only the defenseless and the unprotected to be drafted？" Why does it suffice to be the servant of a privileged person to escape this service？ Destroy those dove-cotes， formerly only small pigeon-pens and which now contain as many as 5，000 pairs. Abolish the barbarous rights of "motte， quevaise and domaine congéable[77] under which more than 500，000 persons still suffer in Lower Brittany." "You have in your armies， Sire， more than 30，000 Franche-Comté serfs；" should one of these become an officer and be pensioned out of the service he would be obliged to return to and live in the hut in which he was born， otherwise； at his death， the seignior will take his pittance. Let there be no more absentee prelates， nor abbés-commendatory. "The present deficit is not to be paid by us but by the bishops and beneficiaries； deprive the princes of the church of two-thirds of their revenues." "Let feudalism be abolished. Man， the peasant especially， is tyrannically bowed down to the impoverished ground on which he lies exhausted. . . . There is no freedom， no prosperity， no happiness where the soil is enthralled. . . . Let the lord's dues， and other odious taxes not feudal， be abolished， a thousand times returned to the privileged. Let feudalism content itself with its iron scepter without adding the poniard of the revenue speculator."[78]

Here， and for some time before this， it is not the Countryman who speaks but the procureur， the lawyer， who places professional metaphors and theories at his service. But the lawyer has simply translated the countryman's sentiments into literary dialect.

___________________________________________________________________Notes：

[1]"Collection des économistes，" II. 832. See a tabular statement by Beaudan.

[2] "Ephémérides du citoyen，" IX. 15； an article by M. de Butré， 1767.

[3] "Collection des économistes，" I. 551， 562.

[4] "Procès-verbaux de l'assemblée provinciale de Champagne"(1787)， p. 240.

[5] Cf.， "Notice historique sur la Révolution dans le département de l'Eure，" by Boivin-Champeaux， p. 37. - A register of grievances of the parish of Epreville； on 100 francs income the Treasury takes 22 for the taille， 16 for collaterals， 15 for the poll-tax， 11 for the vingtièmes， total 67 livres.

[6] "Procès-verbaux de l'assemblée provinciale de Ile-de-France (1787)， p. 131.

[7] "Procèx-verbaux de l'ass. prov de la Haute-Guyenne" (1784)， II.

17， 40， 47.

[8] "Procès-verbaux de l'ass. prov. d'Auvergne" (1787)， p. 253. -Doléances， by Gautier de Biauzat， member of the council elected by the provincial assembly of Auvergne. (1788)， p.3.

[9] See note 5 at the end of the volume.

[10] "Théron de Montaugé，" p. 109 (1763). Wages at this time are from 7 to 12 sous a day during the summer.